• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

Late talkers are young children who are delayed in their expressive language skills despite normal nonverbal cognitive ability, adequate hearing and typical personality development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sentence interpretation strategies used by Korean-speaking late talkers and age-matched normal children. Nine late talkers and nine normal children matched by age at 30-35months were participated in this study. 27 simple noun-noun-verb(NNV) sentences were generated by factorial combination of case-marker [nominal case-marker on the first noun and accusative on the second (C1), accusative on the first noun and nominative on the second (C2), and no case markers on both nouns (C0)], and animacy of the nouns [animate-inanimate(AI), inanimate-animate(IA), animate-animate(AA)]. All the children were asked to "act out" their interpretation of the given sentence. For each type of sentences the percentage of choices of the first noun as the agent was calculated. The results of group (2) ${\times}$ animacy(3) ${\times}$ case-marker(3) mixed ANOVA showed a significant main effect for 'animacy', 'case marker' and 'group(2) ${\times}$ case-marker (3)'. The late talkers relied on semantic (animacy) cues in their interpretation of the sentences, while the normal peers utilized both animacy and grammatical morpheme (case-marker) cues. The results indicated that the late-talkers' comprehension skills were also delayed.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.730-734
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• 2011

Amyloid ${\beta}$-peptide ($A{\beta}$-peptide)-induced oxidative stress is thought to be a critical component of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). New chalcone derivatives, the Chana series, were recently synthesized from the retrochalcones of licorice. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of the Chana series against neurodegenerative changes in vitro and in vivo. Among the Chana series, Chana 30 showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (90.7%) in the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl assay. Chana 30 also protected against $A{\beta}$-induced neural cell injury in vitro. Furthermore, Chana 30 reduced the learning and memory deficits of $A{\beta}_{1-42}$-peptide injected mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Chana 30 may be a promising candidate as a potent therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative diseases.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2019

${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein (APP) can be cleaved by ${\alpha}$-, and ${\gamma}$-secretase at plasma membrane producing soluble ectodomain fragment ($sAPP{\alpha}$). Alternatively, following endocytosis, APP is cleaved by ${\beta}$-, and ${\gamma}$-secretase at early endosomes generating ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$), the main culprit in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, APP endocytosis is critical for $A{\beta}$ production. Recently, we reported that Monsonia angustifolia, the indigenous vegetables consumed in Tanzania, improved cognitive function and decreased $A{\beta}$ production. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanism of justicidin A, the active compound of M. angustifolia, on $A{\beta}$ production. We found that justicidin A reduced endocytosis of APP, increasing $sAPP{\alpha}$ level, while decreasing $A{\beta}$ level in HeLa cells overexpressing human APP with the Swedish mutation. The effect of justicidin A on $A{\beta}$ production was blocked by endocytosis inhibitors, indicating that the decreased APP endocytosis by justicidin A is the underlying mechanism. Thus, justicidin A, the active compound of M. angustifolia, may be a novel agent for AD treatment.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1085-1092
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• 2022

Travel distance is a parameter mainly used in the objective function of Construction Site Layout Planning (CSLP) automation models. To obtain travel distance, common approaches, such as linear distance, shortest-distance algorithm, visibility graph, and access road path, concentrate only on identifying the shortest path. However, humans do not necessarily follow one shortest path but can choose a safer and more comfortable path according to their situation within a reasonable range. Thus, paths generated by these approaches may be different from the actual paths of the workers, which may cause a decrease in the reliability of the optimized construction site layout. To solve this problem, this paper adopts reinforcement learning (RL) inspired by various concepts of cognitive science and behavioral psychology to generate a realistic path that mimics the decision-making and behavioral processes of wayfinding of workers on the construction site. To do so, in this paper, the collection of human wayfinding tendencies and the characteristics of the walking environment of construction sites are investigated and the importance of taking these into account in simulating the actual path of workers is emphasized. Furthermore, a simulation developed by mapping the identified tendencies to the reward design shows that the RL agent behaves like a real construction worker. Based on the research findings, some opportunities and challenges were proposed. This study contributes to simulating the potential path of workers based on deep RL, which can be utilized to calculate the travel distance of CSLP automation models, contributing to providing more reliable solutions.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제32호
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• pp.395-432
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• 2011

본 연구는 탈 콜버그주의 논쟁이 도덕적 정체성 이론에 미친 영향을 분석하여 도덕적 추론을 통합한 도덕적 정체성 이론의 의의와 한계를 밝히고, 간 학문적 연구들에 기반 한 도덕 심리학적 연구 수행과 이에 근거한 도덕교육의 필요성을 규명하고자 하였다. 2008년 Journal of moral education 특집호에 실린 탈 콜버그주의 논문에 대해 튜리엘과 깁스는 문화상대주의를 극복하고 도덕 판단의 규범성을 확립하기 위해서 도덕의 작용에서 도덕적 추론은 반드시 요청된다고 주장하였다. 이러한 비판은 도덕적 정체성 이론의 전개에 상당한 영향을 주었다. 도덕적 정체성이론은 인지발달이론의 도덕적 동기화 문제를 해결하는 대안 패러다임으로 탈 콜버그주의 특징을 보였다. 하지만 특집호 이후에 블라시는 관습이후 수준의 도덕추론 능력을, 탈 콜버그주의를 주도하던 나바에즈는 직관과 추론의 동등모델에 근거한 도덕 전문가를 성숙한 도덕인의 특징으로서 설명하였다. 본 연구는 도덕적 추론을 통합한 도덕적 정체성 모델의 의의와 한계를 분석하여 도덕철학과 도덕 심리학의 관계에 대해 후행적으로 상보적일 수 있음을 인정하였다. 이는 도덕의 작용에 대한 뇌 과학, 생물학, 문화 인류학 등 간 학문적 연구의 가능성을 인정하지만 도덕 심리학의 규범성을 확보하기 위해서는 도덕철학적 분석과 이론화가 필요하다는 입장이다. 도덕의 작용은 합리적 의식적 추론과정은 물론 자동적 무의식적 암묵적 과정에 근거한다. 도덕적 추론만큼이나 직관도 도덕의 작용에서 중요하기 때문에 간 학문적 연구가 필요하며 도덕교육의 연구에 학제적 연구결과를 적극적으로 활용해야 한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive memory loss and neuronal cell death. Although numerous previous studies have been focused on disease progression or reverse pathological symptoms, therapeutic strategies for AD are limited. Alternatively, the identification of traditional herbal medicines or their active compounds has received much attention. The aims of the present study were to characterize the ameliorating effects of spinosin, a C-glucosylflavone isolated from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, on memory impairment or the pathological changes induced through amyloid-${\beta}_{1-42}$ oligomer ($A{\beta}O$) in mice. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of $A{\beta}O$ ($50{\mu}M$) and spinosin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days. In the behavioral tasks, the subchronic administration of spinosin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated $A{\beta}O$-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance task or the Y-maze task. To identify the effects of spinosin on the pathological changes induced through $A{\beta}O$, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed. Spinosin treatment also reduced the number of activated microglia and astrocytes observed after $A{\beta}O$ injection. In addition, spinosin rescued the $A{\beta}O$-induced decrease in choline acetyltransferase expression levels. These results suggest that spinosin ameliorated memory impairment induced through $A{\beta}O$, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of spinosin. Therefore, spinosin might be a useful agent against the amyloid ${\beta}$ protein-induced cognitive dysfunction observed in AD patients.

• 인지과학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.49-69
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• 2013

우리가 타인과 상호작용하거나 물체를 사용하는 동안 뇌에서는 신체 이미지를 추적하고 행위의 주체를 파악하려는 신경 정보처리가 끊임없이 이루어진다. 선조외 시각 피질(Extrastriate Body Area, EBA)은 신체에 관한 시각 입력과 우리 자신의 움직임에 관한 내적 신호들을 통합하여 행위 주체감(sense of agency) 생성을 위한 초기 신경 표상을 제공한다. 그러나 이러한 과정에서 물체의 기능적 특성이 행위주체에 따라서 어떻게 반영되는지 알려진 바는 거의 없다. 이에 본 연구는 기능성 자기공명 영상 기법을 활용하여 자신 또는 타인이 도구를 사용하는 장면을 참가자들이 상상할 때 도구의 행동유도성(affordance)이 EBA의 신경 반응에 끼치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 각 시행에서 참가자들은 신체를 향해 사용하는 도구(예, 망원경)나 신체 바깥 방향으로 사용하는 도구(예, 주사위)를 제시받았다. 이 때, 도구를 둘러싼 사각형 테두리의 색깔에 따라서 참가자들은 자신 혹은 타인이 그 도구를 사용한다고 상상하였다. 실험 결과, 우반구 EBA는 참가자가 '자신'의 행위를 상상할 때 바깥 방향 도구 조건보다 신체 방향 도구 조건에서 더 많이 활성화되었으나, 참가자가 '타인'의 행위를 상상할 때는 도구의 사용 방향으로부터 영향을 받지 않았다. 후속 검사에 따르면 자신 조건과 타인 조건에서 각각 상상하는 동안 참가자가 느낀 생동감의 차이는 없었다. 이러한 결과는 EBA가 도구의 행동유도성 정보를 신체 도식에 반영함으로써 행위 주체감을 향상시키고 우리 자신의 행동을 안내하는 데 기여하고 있음을 시사한다.

• 인지과학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.407-420
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• 2016

본 연구는 최후통첩 게임 패러다임을 활용하여 의사결정자의 역할 주체 (개인 vs. 대표자)와 상대그룹과의 사회적 관계 (중립적 vs. 경쟁적)에 따른 행동적 불연속성을 검증하였다. 참가자들은 모두 최후통첩 게임에서 제안자가 아닌 응답자의 역할을 하였으며, 그룹의 대표자로 의사결정할 때 더 많은 제안을 수락함으로써 개인으로서 의사결정할 때보다 더 경제적으로 합리적인 행동패턴을 보였다. 하지만 이러한 개인-대표자 행동 불연속성은 중립적 관계에서만 유지되었다. 상대방 그룹이 참가자 그룹과 경쟁적인 관계에 있는 조건에서는 역할 주체가 그룹의 대표자일 때 오히려 더 많은 제안을 거부함으로써 경제적으로 더 비합리적인 행동패턴을 보였다. 특히, 경쟁적 관계와의 최후통첩 게임에서는 상대방 그룹에 대한 마음 귀인의 정도에 따라 다른 수준의 의사결정 편향을 관찰할 수 있었다. 구체적으로, 경쟁적 관계에 있는 그룹에 대해서 더 많은 마음을 귀인하는 참가자일수록 더 높은 수준의 거부 비율을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 그룹 맥락에서의 개인 의사결정 패턴 - 때로는 전체 그룹의 금전적 이익을 포기하고 궁극적으로는 사회적 잉여의 준최적화를 초래할 수 있는 - 에 대한 이해를 제공한다는 데 그 중요성이 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.665-675
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), an active ingredient in ginseng, may be a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the protective effect of Rg1 on neurodegeneration in AD and its mechanism of action are still incompletely understood. Methods: Wild type (WT) and APP/PS1 AD mice, from 6 to 9 months old, were used in the experiment. The open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) were used to detect behavioral changes. Neuronal damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining. Immunofluorescence, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) were used to examine postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) expression, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, Tau and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression. Results: Rg1 treatment for 12 weeks significantly ameliorated cognitive impairments and neuronal damage and decreased the p-Tau level, amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, and Aβ generation in APP/PS1 mice. Meanwhile, Rg1 treatment significantly decreased the ROS level and NOX2 expression in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions: Rg1 alleviates cognitive impairments, neuronal damage, and reduce Aβ deposition by inhibiting NOX2 activation in APP/PS1 mice.

• Journal of Web Engineering
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• 제14권19호
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• pp.4103-4118
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• 2022

The physiological or dietary advantages of germinated grains have been the subject of numerous discussions over the past decade. Around 23 million tons of oats are consumed globally, making up a sizeable portion of the global grain market. Oat seedlings contain more protein, beta-glucan, free amino acids, and phenolic compounds than seeds. The progressive neurodegenerative disorder of Alzheimer's is accompanied by worsening memory and cognitive function. A key indicator of this disorder is the unusual buildup of amyloid-beta protein (or Aβ) in human brains. In this context, oat seedling extract (OSE) has been identified as a new therapeutic candidate for AD, due to its antioxidant activity and AD-specific mechanism of action. This study directly investigated how OSE affected AD and its impacts by examining the cognitive function and exploring the inflammatory response mechanism. The dried oat seedlings were grounded finely with a grinder, inserted with 50% fermented ethanol 10 times (w/v), and extracted by stirring for 10 h at 45 ℃. After filtering the extract by 0.22 um filter, some of it was used for UHPLC analysis. The results indicated that the treatment with OSE protects against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells. Tg-5Xfad AD mice had strong deposition of Aβ throughout their brains, while WT mice did not exhibit any such deposition within their brains. A drastic reduction was observed in terms of numbers, as well as the size, of Aβ plaques within Tg-5Xfad AD mice exposed to OSE. This study indicated OSE's neuroprotective impacts against neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-beta. Our results suggest that OSE acts as a neuroprotective agent to combat AD-specific apoptotic cell death, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta accumulation, as well as synaptic dysfunction in AD mice's brains. Furthermore, the study indicated that OSE treatment affects JNK/ERK/p38 MAPK signaling, with considerable inhibition in p-JNK, p-p38, and p-ERK levels seen in the brain of OSE-treated Tg-5Xfad AD mice.