• 환경정책연구
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.57-89
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• 2007

우리나라 연안과 해양에 소재한 보호구역은 1990년대 중반 이후 지정개소와 면적이 급속도로 증가하여 전국에 425개소, $10,666.8km^2$가 지정되어 있다. 그러나 보호구역제도의 외형적 실적(output)에도 불구하고 지정기준의 객관성 부족과 모호성은 다른 관리문제점인 갈등발생, 지정 후 관리대책 미비, 중복지정 등의 원인으로 기능하고 있다. 연안 해양생태계 보전을 위한 효과적인 정책수단으로 보호구역제도가 기능하기 위해서는 지정과정에서 나타나는 문제점을 해결할 필요가 있는데, 이를 위해서는 현재의 보호구역 지정체계를 개선해야 한다. 지정기준에는 자연환경 요소뿐만 아니라 사회경제적 요소를 포함해야 하며, 세부지표 별로 가중치를 부여하여 항목별 중요도를 반영할 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 대표적인 연안 해양보호구역인 '습지보호지역'과 '해양보호구역'을 대상으로 자연환경뿐만 아니라 사회적 여건과 같은 관리적 요소를 고려한 지정기준을 제시하였다. 또한 계층화분식과정(AHP) 기법을 활용하여 개별 지정기준 항목의 가중치를 산정하였고 이를 보호구역 대상지역 평가에 활용할 수 있는 체계를 개발하였다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.41-61
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• 2011

Marine protected Areas(MPAs) are specially designated zones of the sea that are designed to secure operation of ecosystem function and to restore marine ecosystem to the original state by excluding all detrimental human activities. MPAs have been proposed in many countries as means of realizing sustainable fisheries and recently MPAs are newly receiving attention as precautionary measure for global warming and climate change. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of MPAs as fisheries management tools through a wide range of literature analysis and to suggest necessity of fisheries purpose of MPAs in Korea. Establishment of marine protected area can accompany various economic benefits such as restoration of marine environment, preservation of habitats, promotion of marine tourism and so on. Especially, a lot of case studies suggested that MPAs may bring out benefits to the fishing industry as a result of enhanced stocks. Fisheries benefits of MPAs on targeted species include increased abundance, increased mean individual size and age, increased reproductive output, enhanced recruitment inside and outside refuge, maintenance of genetic diversity of stocks, and enhanced fishery yields in adjacent fishing grounds, so called spill-over. MPAs for ecosystem conservation and protection of coastal wetland have been applied appropriately and effectively, however, the Korean MPAs system is still detective due to absence of fisheries purpose MPAs. Finally, suggestions for Korean MPAs can be summarized as following four recommendations; to establish number of small-scale MPAs rather than few large MPAs, to designate island and its surrounding areas as reserve, to consider MPA design with stock enhancement program, and to undertake co-management with Eochon-Gye, the traditional coastal community in Korea.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2018

This study presents an integrated evaluation method to assess the level of achievement of quantitative expansion goals and qualitative improvement goals based on the Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 for quantitatively expanding and qualitatively improving national protected areas. The quantitative evaluation indicators for national protected areas are the percentage of terrestrial and inland water areas protected and the percentage of marine and coastal areas protected. The quantitative evaluation indicators for national protected areas are selected as 6 indicators: 1) ecologically important areas, 2) ecological representativeness, 3) management effectiveness, 4) connectivity, 5) social equity and 6) integration. Ecologically important areas are an indicator which evaluates how many areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services are included in national protected areas. Ecological representativeness is to assess how well national protected areas represent the ecosystem. Management effectiveness is an indicator which evaluates how effectively national protected areas are conserved and managed, and connectivity is an indicator to assess how well national protected areas are connected. Social equity is evaluating how equitably national protected areas are managed and the integration is assessing how much national protected areas are integrated into the wilder landscape and seascape. This study is significant in that it provides a perspective of qualitative improvement as well as quantitative expansion of national protected areas for biodiversity conservation through accurately understanding Aichi Biodiversity Target 11.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.453-464
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• 2010

We evaluated the status and problems of golf course developments in the southern coast of Korea. It's adjacent waters supports nursery and fishing grounds for commercially-important fisheries species, and various sites are designated and protected as marine protection area(MPA), fisheries reserve, or clean area(blue belt) for producing shellfish. We proposed key assessment items for environmental impact assessment(EIA) and checklists in selecting golf course locations. For the protected areas, we suggest that it is essential to limit golf course establishment while setting a minimal distance from the coast to secure a buffer zone for mitigating the environmental impacts. To efficiently utilize existing regional coastal management plans, it is necessary to diagnose how a golf course development will potentially modify geomorphology and scenery, amplify pollutant loads from non-point sources, and disrupt the functions of coastal ecosystem. Especially, continued monitoring and assesssing input loads of hazardous materials originating from agricultural chemicals should be obligatory. Finally, measures for improving the QA/QC analysis were discussed to enhance reliability of environmental data with respect to golf courses and adjacent coastal waters.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2004

As a result of very limited access due to the military confrontation between South and North Koreas for the last five decades, ecosystems in the transboundary coastal area in the western part of Korean Peninsula have been protected from intensive developments in both Koreas. In the core of the recent two military collisions lies the fishery resources represented as blue crabs as well as the politico-military aspect. Increasing development pressures from both sides as reflected in the South Korea supporting the construction of an industrial complex in Kaesung, North Korea, is the main factor which threatens the sustainable resource base in this region. This research is aimed to develop a cooperative management system for the well-preserved transboundary coastal area between South Korea and North Korea. The Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework of OECD was used to assess environmental conditions, socioeconomic pressures on the environment of the region, and policy responses of both Koreas to those pressures. Protection of ecosystems, peace settlement, and prosperity of the region and the entire peninsula were proposed as the management goals of the cooperative management system. The designation of the area as a Co-managed Marine Protected Area System (COMPAS) through close cooperation among South Korea, North Korea, and international entities was suggested as a way to achieve those goals. Revision of legal and institutional mechanisms, strengthening knowledge base for optimal COMPAS management, integration of the marine protected area and DMZ (demilitarized zone) ecosystem, enhancing stakeholder participation, building international partnership, and securing financial resources were presented as six management strategies.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2013

우리나라는 1999년 람사르 협약의 국내이행을 위하여 "습지보전법"을 제정하여 환경부와 해양수산부가 각각 내륙습지와 연안습지를 관리하고 있다. 연안습지는 2001년 무안갯벌을 습지보호지역으로 지정하기 시작하여, 2013년 6월 기준으로 총 12개 지역, $218.96km^2$을 습지보호지역으로 지정하였다. 제도가 도입된 지 10년이 지나면서 보호지역 지정 면적이 늘어나는 외형적 성과를 거두었으나, 한편에서는 습지 보전정책이 효과적으로 이행되는지에 대한 의문이 제기되기도 한다. 이 연구에서는 습지 관련 법률과 제도에서 나타나는 문제점을 분석하고, 연안습지 보전 정책의 효과적인 이행을 위한 정책개선방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Background: Organic carbon stored in coastal wetlands, which comprises the major part of oceanic "blue carbon," is a subject of growing interest and concern. In this study, organic carbon storage in coastal wetlands and its economic value were estimated using the raw data of 25 studies related to soil carbon storage. Data were collected from three tidal flats (one protected and two developed areas) and two estuarine salt marshes (one protected and one restored area). Bulk density, soil organic matter content, and standing biomass of vegetation were all considered, with Monte Carlo simulation applied to estimate the uncertainty. Results: Mean carbon storage in two salt marshes ranged between 14.6 and $25.5kg\;C\;m^{-2}$. Mean carbon storage in tidal flats ranged from 18.2 to $28.6kg\;C\;m^{-2}$, with variability possibly related to soil texture. The economic value of stored carbon was estimated by comparison with the price of carbon in the emission trading market. The value of US $ $6600\;ha^{-1}$ is ~ 45% of previously estimated ecosystem services from fishery production and water purification functions in coastal areas. Conclusions: Although our study sites do not cover all types of large marine ecosystem, this study highlights the substantial contribution of coastal wetlands as carbon sinks and the importance of conserving these habitats to maximize their ecosystem services.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.122-132
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 갯벌에서 조사대상으로 삼는 멸종위기야생생물이자 해양보호생물, 흰발농게(Austruca lactea)의 전체 개체수 추정 방법을 검토하였다. 일반적으로 무한모집단에 대한 전수조사는 불가능하며 이는 갯벌 내 제한된 서식처에서 개체수를 추정하더라도 마찬가지이다. 표본으로부터 추정되는 서식 밀도 역시 다양한 생물학적, 생태학적 요인들로 인해 높은 변동성을 보인다. 서식처 경계와 면적은 측정 오차뿐만 아니라 생물의 주기성이나 리듬 활동(주야, 간만 주기 등)에 따라서도 달라진다. 따라서 밀도와 서식처 면적으로 산출되는 전체 개체수는 일시적인 것으로 간주되어야 한다. 이 같은 추정은 인천 송도 갯벌에서 3년 간 관찰된 흰발농게(A. lactea)의 평균 밀도와 표준오차 범위 그리고 공간분포의 시공간적 변동성에 근거하면 타당한 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 로지스틱 회귀모형의 출현 확률인 50%를 기준으로, 서식처 보존 가치의 중요성을 반영하는 잠재적 서식처 면적을 전체 개체수 추정의 대안으로 제시하였다. 보편성을 갖춘 모형으로부터 예측되는 잠재적 서식처는 대상종의 주요 환경조건이 급격하게 변하지 않는다면 시간에 따라 일정한 모습을 유지할 것이다. 특정종을 대상으로 개발되는 모형은 추후 서식처 복원/조성 사업에서도 원하는 생물의 정착을 유도하는데도 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.211-223
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• 2015

Korean society has been recently promoting the restoration of coastal wetlands. These efforts might become the basis of a policy framework that compensates for the limitations of a regulation-oriented policy such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The shift in government policy could contribute to strengthening the socioeconomic infrastructure of coastal development through the accumulation of ecological capital. Although our scientific efforts and social demands in regard to the ecological restoration of the coastal wetlands have increased during the past years, the bases for restoration in Korea requires that scientific, technological, financial, social and legal aspects be enhanced. The present study re-examined the concept and attitudes behind coastal wetland restoration in the light of changing circumstances in Korea. Herein, we first defined coastal wetland restoration as "An act of recovering the functions of the ecosystem of coastal wetlands to a state that resembles conditions prior to being damaged." Next, this study discussed the limitations and future directions of such restoration efforts based on the descriptive analyses of recent restoration practices from social, economic, and technological aspects. Finally, we suggest future policy directions regarding coastal wetland restoration on the basis of a PFST (Policy, Financial, Social, and Technological) analysis; 1) re-arranging legal mechanisms, 2) setting multi-dimensional restoration goals, 3) establishing a multi-discipline- and convergence based R&D system, 4) linking spatial management and local development to the restoration, 5) building restoration governance at the local level, 6) implementing an ecosystem service payment system, and 7) applying test-bed projects in accordance with proper directions.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2021

In order to secure basic data on biodiversity for wetland conservation and management used the data from Wetland Protected Area surveys conducted in South Korea (2015-2019) to analyze the distribution of fish from a total of 15 orders, 45 families, 134 species, and 12,972 individuals. The predominant species identified were Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) (19.47%) and Zacco koreanus (Kim, Oh and Hosoya) (8.16%). Of all emergent species, 52.9% (n=71 species) were freshwater species, 26.9% (n=36) were brackish species, 3.0% (n=4) were migratory species, 27% (n=36) were marine species, and 9.0% (n=12) were riffle benthic species. Overall, 5.2% (n=7 species) were endangered species, 3.0% (n=4) were exotic species, and 23.1% (n=31) were Korean endemic species. The eight identified Wetland Protected Areas (WPA) were classified based on their habitat characteristics and on the analysis of their emergent fish communities, as estuarine (n=2), coastal dune (n=1), marsh (n=2), stream (n=2), and stream-marsh (n=1) types. The environmental factors revealed to have the greatest influence on the species diversity of emergent fish were maintenance and repair, installation of reservoirs, and construction of artificial wetlands around them. The present study offers basic information on the diversity of fish species in different Wetland Protected Area types that can be used to inform conservation and management decisions for WPA.