• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.269-278
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• 2012

The purpose of VE (Value Engineering) activities is to come to an achievement of building necessary functions at the lowest possible cost. This study unfolds the co-VE activities which occurred between Gas Range and its partner company in the supply of Grill Body. The co-VE activity has accomplished the cost reduction of about 57 million through performing the function deployment of 12 parts and by devising the alternatives.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57.1-57.1
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• 2014

We present the preliminary results of CO outflow survey toward the 56 Very Low Luminosity Object (VeLLO) candidates at CO J=2-1 and J=3-2 transitions with two radio telescopes of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). The survey is aimed to understand the origin of the formation of low-mass stars or substellar objects. The VeLLO is a very faint (${\leq}0.1$ $L_{\odot}$) object deeply embedded in dense molecular clouds and believed to be a proto-brown dwarf which will be a brown dwarf or a faint protostar which has just formed with little mass accretion or which is in quiescent stage of episodic accretion. The candidates were searched for over all nearby ($d{\leq}450$ pc) Gould belt clouds and listed in a new catalogue of the VeLLO candidates by Kim et al. (2014 submitted). To diagnose present status and future fate of the VeLLOs, we conducted a systematic observation for the CO molecular outflows of the 56 VeLLOs to infer how accretion is being made around the VeLLOs. We found 17 VeLLO candidates either having a prominent wing in line profiles or showing bipolar intensity distribution of high velocity components. We will discuss the physical properties of these CO outflows and the identity of the VeLLO candidates.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2013

Fungal development is largely affected by many environmental factors. In a model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, asexual development is promoted by exposure of light, presence of salt and non-fermentable sugars. In other hand, sexual development is largely induced by absence of light, fermentable sugars and hypoxic condition. Also, some important genes including veA and nsdD play positive roles in activating sexual development. Here, we reported that the effect of high concentration of $CO_2$ on developmental decision in A. nidulans. When wild-type $veA^+$ strain was cultured in normal condition, sexual and asexual development occurred in balanced manner. However, high concentration of $CO_2$ (~5%) strongly activated sexual development and inhibited asexual development. Furthermore, this $CO_2$ effect was controlled by the veA or nsdD gene. High $CO_2$ culture of $veA^-$ or $nsdD^-$ mutant didn't activate sexual development, suggesting that the activation of sexual development induced by high $CO_2$ cannot overcome the genetic requirement of sexual development such as veA or nsdD. Since 5% $CO_2$ is an important condition for human pathogenic fungi for surviving and adapting in human body, this developmental pattern of A. nidulans affected by $CO_2$ concentration may provide interesting clues for comparative study with human fungal pathogens including Aspergillus fumigatus.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.903-913
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• 2016

Paris Agreement of Climate Change seem affect to Korea eco-policy. Meanwhile the eco-design for reduce carbon emission have been applied in design phase of construction. However eco-design have applied passively except the project of eco-building system. For reflect eco-component in design, design VE that be appling to basic design and executing design phase of all construction project of over 10 billion should be use. But present applying VE Job Plan is reflecting partly eco-component, so the effect is small. Therefor new eco-VE development that reflect eco-elements to exist VE need. As the result of this study, the concept of environmental cost is defined to accounting. The calculation of the cost was using methods that apply $CO_2$ emission trading price, WTP, carbon productivity concept and carbon tax based on $CO_2$ emission. However, in order to apply eco-friendly VE at design phase, the model of new concept included carbon productivity concept is necessary. The eco-friendly VE model of new concept is model using $CO_2$ emission and potential environmental pollution index (PEPI). This study tried define eco-value model and environmental cost definition that become the major axle of eco-VE.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2016

We present a preliminary result of search for CO molecular outflows toward a sample of 68 candidate Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs; Lint ${\leq}0.1L_{\odot}$) to help to understand their physical properties. The sources have been identified using the data at IR to radio wavelengths by M. Kim et al. 2016 toward nearby star-forming regions in the Gould belt. These sources were observed in rotational transitions 2-1 and 3-2 of $^{12}CO$, $^{13}CO$, and $C^{18}O$ molecules with SRAO, CSO, JCMT, and ASTE telescopes. In the beginning of our survey we made a single pointing observation in $^{12}CO$ 2-1 or 3-2 lines for our sample, identifying 53 sources as potential outflow candidates from their line wing features. We made full or partial mapping observations for these candidates with the same lines, finding 33 sources with bipolar or one-sided outflow features. Out of these 33 sources, 6 VeLLOs are previously known sources to have their outflows and 27 VeLLOs are found to be new outflow sources identified from this study. We estimated outflow properties with corrections for excitation temperature, optical depth, and inclination. Their outflow forces range from $8.7{\times}10^{-10}$ to $6.0{\times}10^{-5}M_{\odot}\;km\;s^{-1}yr^{-1}$ with a median value of $3.6{\times}10^{-7}M_{\odot}\;km\;s^{-1}yr^{-1}$, indicating that most of the VeLLOs are less powerful than those for protostars. Their accretion luminosities vary from $9.7{\times}10^{-9}$ to $166L_{\odot}$ with a median value of $0.004L_{\odot}$, implying that most VeLLOs have larger ratios of the accretion luminosity to the internal luminosity but a significant number of VeLLOs have smaller ratios. This result suggests that many of the VeLLOs can be explained with episodic accretion but a significant number of VeLLOs cannot.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.23.1-23.9
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the microshear bond strength (${\mu}SBS$) of different universal adhesive systems applied to hybrid computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorative materials repaired with a composite resin. Materials and Methods: Four types of CAD-CAM hybrid block materials-Lava Ultimate (LA), Vita Enamic (VE), CeraSmart (CS), and Shofu Block HC (SH)-were used in this study, in combination with the following four adhesive protocols: 1) control: porcelain primer + total etch adhesive (CO), 2) Single Bond Universal (SB), 3) All Bond Universal (AB), and 4) Clearfil Universal Bond (CU). The ${\mu}SBS$ of the composite resin (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic) was measured and the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The CAD-CAM block type and block-adhesive combination had significant effects on the bond strength values (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the following pairs of groups: VE/CO and VE/AB, CS/CO and CS/AB, VE/CU and CS/CU, and VE/AB and CS/AB (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ${\mu}SBS$ values were affected by hybrid block type. All tested universal adhesive treatments can be used as an alternative to the control treatment for repair, except the AB system on VE blocks (the VE/AB group). The ${\mu}SBS$ values showed variation across different adhesive treatments on different hybrid CAD-CAM block types.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.234-239
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• 2010

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation in the diet of breeder hens on the egg quality and hatchability, lipid peroxides of the egg yolk, and development of the newly-hatched offspring chicks were investigated. A total of 800 Avian 48, 28 wk-old broiler breeders were assigned randomly to 4 groups with 4 replicates of 45 females and 5 males. Each group was fed one of the following four diets with different oil sources and levels of VE: corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO), CO+VE and FO+VE. The results showed that: i) Addition of FO in the breeder diet reduced the whole egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, yolk color score and neonatal offspring chick body weight without affecting the hatchability as compared to the CO treatment. ii) Addition of VE efficiently reduced the lipid peroxides of egg yolk from hens fed diets containing FO. iii) VE in the breeder diet significantly promoted the development of liver and heart of the chick offspring.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.83-89
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• 2007

A new type of object called "Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs)" has been discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope. VeLLOs might be substellar objects forming by accretion. However, some VeLLOs are associated with strong outflows, indicating the previous existence of massive accretion. The thermal history, which significantly affects the chemistry, between substellar objects with a continuous low accretion rate and objects in a quiescent phase after massive accretion (outburst) must be greatly different. In this study, the chemical evolution has been calculated in an episodic accretion model to show that CO and $N_2H^+$ have a relation different from starless cores or Class 0/I objects. Furthermore, the $CO_2$ ice feature at $15.2{\mu}m$ will be a good tracer of the thermal process in VeLLOs.

• 기술발표회
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• s.2006
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• pp.279-291
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• 2006

This study shows decision-making process for selection of cutoff wall on a wastewater treatment project. There are 10 different cut-off wall methods So, we examine the site to gather information for find appropriate methods. After using that information, 10 cutoff wall methods are reviewed for analysis. Through brainstorming, four alternatives are selected for design VE item. Following the standard VE process, we established performance criteria and evaluated function score(F) using questionnaire. The questionnaires, brainstorming and AHP method for weighting on performance criteria and evaluate function score increased the reliability of this selection process. Water Jet method, one of four methods, has the best function score(F=92.71) and the lease construction cost(as cost index 1,000). The value score also highest as 92.7, so we select the method. The result is value innovation type In addition, the authors try to calculate the environmental burden in selection process using LCA. We cannot conduct the full LCA as defined ISO, so perform Simple LCA In LCA result, the cut-off grouting has the least environmental burden as index 9.09E+01 and Water Jet method has following as the second. To selection best method to specific area and purpose, design VE/LCG process used as useful tool and it is needed to develop integrated method that evaluate VEILCC and LCA as one-set process.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1195-1200
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• 2009

Two important concepts in VE are "function" and "cost." Cost can be expressed quantitatively. Unlike cost, the function can only be expressed qualitatively. Thus, to accurately evaluate the performance in VE analysis, it is required that the functional aspect should be considered a qualitative one. This study suggests a procedure of function oriented evaluation which can evaluate function enhancement of a VE proposal more logically and objectively. To conduct this study, problems were induced via case analysis, and solutions were found. In addition, the existing simple evaluation procedures were corrected, and a function enhancement evaluation procedure via function classification was suggested. For function classification, the use of the concepts, which were "intended function" and "additionally obtained function," was suggested. Function oriented evaluation procedure to VE proposals which is suggested in this study is expected to be a great help in treating valuable functions through VE job plan.