• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cleaning System

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Review on Risks of Perchlorate and Treatment Technologies (퍼클로레이트(Perchlorate)의 위해성과 저감기술 소개)

  • Shin, Kyung-Hee;Son, Ah-Jeong;Cha, Daniel K.;Kim, Kyoung-Woong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.9
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    • pp.1060-1068
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    • 2007
  • Perchlorate contamination in aquatic system is a growing concern due to the human health and ecological risks associated with perchlorate exposure. In spite of potential risks associated with perchlorate, drinking water standard has not been established worldwide. Recently, US EPA has issued new protective guidance for cleaning up perchlorate contamination with a preliminary clean-up goal of 24.5 ppb. In Korea, the drinking water standard and discharge standard for perchlorate has not been established yet and little information is available to address perchlorate problems. Perchlorate treatment technologies include ion exchange, microbial reactor, carbon adsorption, composting, in situ bioremediation, permeable reactive barrier, phytoremediation, and membrane technology. The process description, capability, and advantage/disadvantages of each technology were described in detail in this review. One of recent trends in perchlorate treatment is the combination of available treatment options such as combined microbial reduction and permeable reactive burier. In this review, we provided a brief perspective on perchlorate treatment technology and to identify an efficient and cost-effective approach to manage perchlorate problem.

Effect of an Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide Generator and Effect on Disinfection of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables by Immersion Washing (이산화염소수 생성기의 생성효율 및 과.채류에 대한 침지 세정 살균효과)

  • Park, Kee-Jai;Jeong, Jin-Woong;Lim, Jeong-Ho;Jang, Jae-Hee;Park, Hee-Joo
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.236-242
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    • 2008
  • We investigated the optimum concentration of a $NaClO_2$ solution and the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ for production of high yield and purity of aqueous $ClO_2$ by use of a gaseous chlorine-chlorite $ClO_2$ generator. This system produced lower concentrations of chlorine dioxide and is applicable for direct-use in food processing as a cleaner and sanitizer. The concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ was varied from 0.01-0.1% and 100-1,000 g/hr, respectively. The concentrations of chlorite, chlorate, FAC (free available chlorine), and chlorine dioxide that were produced increased with increasing concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and with the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$. The optimum concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ were 0.1% and 900 g/hr respectively. $ClO_2$ and FAC produced at these concentrations were 882.0 ppm and 8.0 ppm, with no detection of chlorite and chlorate. The yield and purity of $ClO_2$ were 97.0% and 96.0% respectively. Immersion-cleaning experiments showed that this protocol decreased the level of CFU/g by $10^3$- to $10^4$-fold, with a similar effect on fruit.

The Effect of the Recognition of Educational Training for Hotel Employees on Internalization and Job Commitment (호텔 종사원의 교육 훈련 인식이 내재화와 직무 몰입에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Mi-Suk;Jung, Dong-Ju;Choi, Sung-Woong;Kang, Dae-Hoon
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2009
  • One of the tasks given to the hotel business is to improve ES(Employee Satisfaction) through educational training for enhancing job efficiency and service quality, not product competition. In the current domestic field, however, ES(Employee Satisfaction) based on appropriate educational training hasn't been established yet. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of educational training including recognizing the necessity of frequency, the level of lecture conscience, motivation, and internalization along with job commitment. The cohort of women(n=128, 44.4%) and men(n=160, 55.6%) was monitored by the questionnaire data from October 13th to 31st, 2007. It was assessed by (1) the recognition of educational training, (2) educational training practices, (3) organizational identification, (4) brand identification, and (5) job commitment. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), data coding, and the data cleaning system. As a result, it was proved that frequency, the level of lecture conscience, motivation, the recognition of necessity are in proportion to brand identification and organization identification. In addition, identification through educational training can raise the efficiency of job commitment.

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A Study of father's care giving in infancy (아버지의 영아 돌봄에 관한 문헌연구)

  • Kim, Young-Hee
    • Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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    • v.1
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 1998
  • These days social and economical changes have influence on the structure of family and the role of family members. Working mothers and widowers with children are increasing because of economical difficulties. Support from relatives are decreasing because of the conspicuous trend toward nuclear families. According to these reasons androgynous fathers are required. Today's fathers in Korea socially and culturally have learned about traditional parenting, but they are changing their fathering styles to meet the demands of the times. However they don't have their own fathering models. Therefore nurses who hold an advantageous position to teach and support from clinic have to encourage them to care their infants. The purposes of this study were to define father's care giving in infancy, understand influencing factors on fathering, and the differences between fathering and mothering, then contribute to nursing implementation for supporting fathers. This study was designed to review references about father's care giving. The results were follows: Six aspects of parent participation were direct care. indirect care, play, decision-making concerning the child, amount of time of sole responsibility for the child and overall availability to the child. Direct care involved feeding, bathing, going to child if child awakens. dressing, putting child to bed, taking child to doctor, nurse, or dentist, transporting child to and from sitter, day care, or school, washing child's hair. Indirect care involved cleaning up after child, preparing child's food, fixing child's broken playthings, washing child's clothes, arranging baby-sitting, shopping for child's toys and clothes, transporting baby-sitter to and from your home. Young fathers were gradually participating in direct care like feeding, taking child to doctor. Father's care giving stimulated mothering and promoted parent-infant relationship. Influencing factors of fathering would be divided into father characteristics, surrounding factors, infant attributes. Father characteristics were age, role perception, relationship with parent. Surrounding factors were the opportunity of early contact, support system, spouse's expectation, marital adjustment, feeding type, past experience of care giving. Infant attributes were temperament, behavior, age, sex. The differences between fathering and mothering were reviewed. Fathers were poor at care giving. but their caring was similar to mother's. This subtle difference positively worked upon infant's growth and development. On the basis of these theoretical data, nurses can empower fathers to cooperate with mothers in caring infants.

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Clustering of Smart Meter Big Data Based on KNIME Analytic Platform (KNIME 분석 플랫폼 기반 스마트 미터 빅 데이터 클러스터링)

  • Kim, Yong-Gil;Moon, Kyung-Il
    • The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.13-20
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    • 2020
  • One of the major issues surrounding big data is the availability of massive time-based or telemetry data. Now, the appearance of low cost capture and storage devices has become possible to get very detailed time data to be used for further analysis. Thus, we can use these time data to get more knowledge about the underlying system or to predict future events with higher accuracy. In particular, it is very important to define custom tailored contract offers for many households and businesses having smart meter records and predict the future electricity usage to protect the electricity companies from power shortage or power surplus. It is required to identify a few groups with common electricity behavior to make it worth the creation of customized contract offers. This study suggests big data transformation as a side effect and clustering technique to understand the electricity usage pattern by using the open data related to smart meter and KNIME which is an open source platform for data analytics, providing a user-friendly graphical workbench for the entire analysis process. While the big data components are not open source, they are also available for a trial if required. After importing, cleaning and transforming the smart meter big data, it is possible to interpret each meter data in terms of electricity usage behavior through a dynamic time warping method.

Identifying Cost and Benefit Items of Investment Projects to Offer New Public Services By the Use of Food Waste Disposers and the Direct Input of Feces in Sewers (주방오물분쇄기 사용 및 수세분뇨의 직투입에 따른 「새로운 공공하수도 서비스」제공을 위한 투자사업의 비용과 편익 항목 식별)

  • Oh, Hyun-Taek;Park, Kyoo-Hong;Kim, Sung Tai;Lim, Byung In
    • Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.117-125
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    • 2020
  • Our study identifies a cost and a benefit incurred in implementing an investment project to offer new public services by use of food waste disposers and direct input of feces in sewers. This is done with identifying costs of each processing division and benefits of the project by objective statistical data and engineering perspective. In summary, cost items identified are as follows: there are house laterals, removal of septic tanks, etc. for sewer pipes system. As to water quality conservation, cost incurs in storm water outfalls and divert chambers, sewage storage tanks, equipment to treat sewer overflows, and so on. With respect to sewage treatment plants(STPs), there are so many items as increase of contaminant loads in influent of STPs, and other items. There are benefit items in health improvement due to odor mitigation, increase of energy productivity, saving cost of food waste treatment and cleaning septic tanks, etc. These estimates will be used as a basic data for its economic effect.

Resistance to Airflow of Grain as Affected by Grain Moisture Content (곡물(穀物)의 함수율(含水率) 변화(變化)에 따른 송풍저항(送風抵抗)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, M.S.;Kim, S.R.
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.55-65
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    • 1986
  • The resistance to the passage of airflow through various agricultural products is an important consideration in the design of an aeration or drying system. The amount of resistance to airflow varied widely from one kind of grain to another, and depended upon airflow rate, surface texture and shape of the particles, the size and configuration of voids, and foreign and fine material in the grain bed. The airflow rate was the major factor considered on this kind of study in the early stages. But these days, the studies on the resistance to airflow of grain affected by grain moisture content and foreign and fine material have been widely carried out. However the foreign an fine material in the grain bed could not be a major factor on the study in Korea because there were only a few grain process procedure after harvesting it. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of moisture content and airflow rate on airflow resistance to grain, and to develop a model to predict the static pressure drop across the grain bed as a function of moisture content and airflow rate. The rough rice varieties, Akibare, Milyang 15 (Japonica types), Samkwang, Backyang (Indica types)and covered barley variety, Olbori, which were harvested in 1985 were used in the experiment after cleaning them. Resistances to airflow of grain were investigated at four levels of moisture content (13-25%, wb.) for ten different airflow rates($0.01-0.15m^3/sm^2$). The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. Theaverage bulk densities were $585.3kg/m^3$ for rough rice and $691.6kg/m^3$ for barley at the loose fill, and were $648.8kg/m^3$ for rough rice and $758.2kg/m^3$ for barley at the packed fill. The pressure drops at the packed fill beds were approximately 1.4 to 1.8 times higher than those at the loose fill beds. 2. The pressure drops across grain beds deceased with the increase of moisture content and increased with airflow rate. The decreasing rates of pressure drop across grain beds according to the moisture contents at the lower airflow rates were higher than those at the higher airflow rates, and the increasing rates of pressure drop according to the airflow rates at the lower moisture contents were higher those at higher moisture contents. 3. The pressure drop across barley bed were much higher than rough rice beds and the pressure drops across Japonica type rough rice beds were a little higher than Indica type. 4. The mathematical models to predict the pressure drop across grain beds as a function of moisture content and airflow rate were developed from these experiments.

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Prevalence and Toxin Characteristics of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Vegetables in Gwangju Metropolitan City (광주지역 유통 채소류의 Bacillus cereus 오염실태 및 독소 특성)

  • Cho, Sun-Ju;Jeong, So-Hyang;Seo, Yu-Jin;Kim, Tae-Sun;Lee, Hyang-Hee;Lee, Min-Gyou;Seo, Jung-Mi;Cho, Bae-Sik;Kim, Joung-Beom
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.142-148
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, toxin gene profiles, and enterotoxin producing ability of Bacillus cereus isolated from environment-friendly vegetables and good agricultural practices (GAP) vegetables. A total of 49 vegetables including 40 environment-friendly vegetables and 9 GAP vegetables were tested. The Vitek 2 system was used to identify B. cereus and the PCR was used to detect 6 toxin genes, respectively. B. cereus was detected in 34 (69.3%) of 49 vegetables and the prevalence of B. cereus in GAP vegetables (44.4%) was lower than in the environment-friendly vegetables (75.0%). The detection rates of entFM, nheA, hblC, and cytK enterotoxin genes, respectively, among all isolates were 100%, 97.0%, 88.2%, and 73.5%, respectively. All of the isolates had at least one or more enterotoxin gene and 20 isolates (58.8%) had hemolysin BL enterotoxin producing ability. The risk of food poisoning from the environment-friendly vegetables and the GAP vegetables has been shown as constant. Thus, it is necessary to expand the supply of GAP vegetables showing lower B. cereus contamination than the environment-friendly vegetables. The characteristics of the environment-friendly vegetables and the GAP vegetables that must be consumed after cleaning should be disseminated to consumers regarding food poisoning prevention.

Identifying Characteristics of Incidents at Hazardous Material Facilities

  • Kim, Geun-Young;Kim, Sang-Won;Won, Jai-Mu
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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    • v.9 no.6
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    • pp.51-56
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    • 2009
  • Safety and quality assessment systems are very important in manufacture, storage, transportation, and handling of hazardous materials(hazmat) to prevent hazmat disasters. At present, hazardous materials exist everywhere in our daily lives with various forms of plastics, household products of cleaning and washing detergents, fertilizers or petroleum-related products. However, hazardous materials are dangerous substances when they are released to human or environment. Hazardous materials become very widely used substances in the age of oil-based industrial economy. The Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE) describes about one hundred thousand types of chemicals are produced and used worldwide. Over four hundred new chemicals are introduced in every year. A crucial question for the Korean hazardous material management may have been raised: Will you be safe from hazardous material incidents? The gas leak disaster at Union Carbide's Bhopal, India in 1984 that made over 6,400 people killed and 30,000 to 40,000 people seriously injured is the representative case for the safety of hazmat. Korea becomes vulnerable to hazmat disaster due to the development of high-tech industry. Thus, the risk assessment system is required to Korea for transferring abandoned hazmat management systems to self-correcting safety systems. This research analyzed characteristics of various hazmat incidents applying statistical analysis methods including frequency analysis or analysis of category data to hazmat incidents for ten years. All of three analyses of category data indicate the significance of causality between hazmat incident site groups and seasons, regional groups, and incident casualty groups.

Occupational Dermatoses by Type of Work in Greece

  • Zorba, Eleni;Karpouzis, Antony;Zorbas, Alexandros;Bazas, Theodore;Zorbas, Sam;Alexopoulos, Elias;Zorbas, Ilias;Kouskoukis, Konstantinos;Konstandinidis, Theodoros
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.142-148
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    • 2013
  • Background: To elucidate the relationship between seven occupational dermatoses (ODs) and 20 types of work in Greece. Methods: This was a prevalence epidemiologic study of certain ODs among 4,000 workers employed in 20 types of enterprise, in 104 companies, in 2006-2012, using data from company medical records, questionnaires, occupational medical, and special examinations. The ${\chi}^2$ test was applied to reveal statistically significant relationships between types of enterprises and occurrence of ODs. Results: A high percentage (39.9%) of employees included in the study population suffered from ODs. The highest prevalence rates were noted among hairdressers (of contact dermatitis: 30%), cooks (of contact dermatitis: 29.5%), bitumen workers (of acne: 23.5%), car industry workers (of mechanical injury: 15%), construction workers (of contact urticaria: 29.5%), industrial cleaning workers (of chemical burns: 13%), and farmers (of malignant tumors: 5.5%).We observed several statistical significant correlations between ODs (acute and chronic contact dermatitis, urticaria, mechanical injury, acne, burns, skin cancer) and certain types of enterprises. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and prevalence of ODs, except for dermatoses caused by mechanical injuries afflicting mainly men [${\chi}^2(1)=13.40$, p < 0.001] and for chronic contact dermatitis [${\chi}^2(1)=5.53$, p=0.019] afflicting mainly women. Conclusion: Prevalence of ODs is high in Greece, contrary to all official reports by the Greek National Institute of Health. There is a need to introduce a nationwide voluntary surveillance system for reporting ODs and to enhance skin protection measures at work.