• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

The crude extract of the mycelium of Cladosporium was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Bioassayguided fractionation of an organic extract led to the isolation of an acetophenone derivative, clavatol (2',4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethylacetophenone) (1), and a benzodiazepine alkaloid, circumdatin A (2). Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 62.5, 62.5, 31.0 $\mu$g/mL, respectively, but compound 2 was inactive. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited UV-A protection activity with ED$_{50}$ values of 227.0 and 82.0 $\mu$M, respectively, indicating that they were more potent than the positive control, oxybenzone (ED$_{50}$ 350 $\mu$M), a common sunscreen agent.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2010

This study was conducted screening of the population densities of fungal pathogens and insect and observed the disease symptoms on the organic sweet corn seed producing field from 2008 to 2009. The dissemination spores, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Pyricularia sp., Collectotrichum sp., and Bipolaris sp., were detected and the three fungal spores from the front were observed for whole growth stage. Seed and seedling diseases were shown as the rotted seed and damping-off seedling caused by Penicillium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp.. The larva of Black cutworm cut down the root crown of seedlings. The damaged plants were ranged from 14% to 16%. On the Oriental corn borer, the population densities and the percentage of damaged plants were showed a low difference between two sweet corn varieties. The population densities of Oriental corn borer were scored as from 3.5 to 20.5 in 2008 and from 0.5 to 6 in 2009. Also the percentage of damaged plants were significantly increased until harvesting stage and was recorded from 7.5% to 21% in 2008 and from 1% to 46% in 2009. On the Corn leaf blight, the percentage of diseased plant were scored from 7% to 34% in 2008. The first occurrence of date was after June 18, and the percentage of diseased plant was continuously increased after August 21 and the values of diseased plants was ranged from 56% to 69% in 2009. On common smut, the percentage of diseased plant was recorded from 5% to 15% in 2008, and the first occurrence date were delayed as 17 days (July 17) and were showed less than 8% of diseased plants in 2009. Corn Southern Leaf spot was scored as average 11% at early stage and showed high score as 62% at September 19 in 2008. In 2009, the first occurrence date were advanced about 20 days (after June 8), and continuously increased up to 86% in 2009.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.985-987
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• 2010

The biological transformation of the bioactive dihydroisocoumarin, (-)-mellein, isolated from the marinederived fungus Cladosporium sp., was studied. The preparativescale culture of (-)-mellein with a marine isolate of a bacterium Stappia sp. resulted in the isolation of its oxidized metabolite, (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein. The stereostructure of the metabolite obtained was assigned on the basis of detailed physicochemical data analyses.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.36
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• pp.64-73
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• 2015

The temple and family or private owner have managed the storage space of movable cultural properties. Thus they lack the ability to manage professionally and systematically, movable cultural properties are in a poor environment and have been damaged by abundant dust and airborne fungi in the storage. In this study, we investigated microbes distribution in 10 storage or exhibition hall housing the movable cultural properties. As a results, concentration of collected microorganisms exhibited a large difference according to a storage and the D Relic Museum in Yeongam is the most contaminant storage, in which detected $2,000m^3$ or more. More than $166m^3$ of the fungi were detected in most storages of the other. We identified so many varieties of fungi such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp. existing commonly in 10 storages including wood rot fungi such as Ceriporia lacerata, Ganoderma carnosum, Myrothecium gramineum and Bjerkandera sp.. This airborne fungi may damage cultural heritages. The Guideline on a concentration of airborne fungi should be estimated and management system to the preservation environment must be provided.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.256-261
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• 2015

This study was conducted to reduce contamination ratio of oyster mushroom bottle cultivation. The optimal conditions of substrate sterilization for reducing of contamination ratio were at $121^{\circ}C$ for 90 min. In addition, UV-C irradiation is good for lower contamination ratio to continue over 6 hours at cooling and inoculation room after sterilization. The contamination ratio and density of microorganisms of substrate were showed 0% after sterilization at $121^{\circ}C$ for 90 min. Trichoderma sp., main pathogen of mushrooms, was detected from substrate after sterilized during 2 or 4 hours at $101^{\circ}C$ and $105^{\circ}C$, respectively. The amount of electricity used was the lowest at $121^{\circ}C$ for 90 min than that of other sterilization conditions. The UV-C irradiation treatment was used UV-C lamp(40 watts) in the inoculation room($56m^3$). The density of bacteria did not detected after UV-C irradiation for 6 hours. And the death ratio of bacteria and Trichoderma sp. was 99.9% after UV-C irradiation for 6 hours. However, in the same UV-C irradiation time, the death ration of Cladosporium sp. was 90.9%. Therefore, the death ratio of fungi was lower than that of bacteria at the same UV-C irradiation treatment.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.410-417
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• 2020

Fungal ecological interactions play a key role in structuring community assemblages. These associations may involve both antagonistic and synergistic relationships, which are commonly influenced by abiotic factors such as nutrient conditions. However, information for extreme, oligotrophic systems remain poor. Herein, interactions among key members of the aquatic transient fungal community (Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Coprinellus micaceus) of a low-nutrient freshwater system in the Cuatro Ci enegas Basin, Mexico were studied. Pairwise interaction bioassays were explored in vitro under different nutrient conditions, including carbohydrates-rich, carbohydrates and amino peptides-rich, and low nutrients. Our results indicated that antagonistic patterns prevail among the studied taxa. However, nutrient-dependent changes were observed in Cladosporium sp. shifting to synergy under carbohydrates-rich conditions, suggesting changes in the fungal community composition as a result of nutrient enrichment. Remarkably, our findings contrast with previous work demonstrating mainly synergistic interactions between our tested fungal isolates and co-occurring autochthonous bacteria (Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio sp.) under low-nutrient conditions. This observation may indicate that bacteria and fungi exhibit distinct community-level responses, driven by nutrient conditions. This contributes to the knowledge of fungal community dynamics and interspecific interactions in an oligotrophic ecosystem, highlighting the relevance of nutrient-based shifts and antagonistic interactions in ecosystem dynamics.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water treatment and pH corrected lime sulfur combination treatment on the fungicidal and bacterial disinfection effects and germination rate of organic lettuce seeds. Among the followers, Alternaria sp. was infected 53.3% and Aspergillus sp. and Cladosporium sp. Infected 14.5% and 5.4%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated only Pseudomonas sp., and infected with 16.5%. In order to investigate the effect of disinfection on the temperature of hot water (45℃, 50℃, 55℃ and 60℃). The seed germination rate sharply decreased with increasing temperature and treatment time. The germination effect and germination rate of the follower were highest when hot water treatment was carried out for 20 minutes in hot water at 50℃. In the case of combined treatment of 50℃ hot water for 10 min and 0.4% pH adjusted lime sulfur mixture, showed the highest sterilization effect and germination rate with 100% and 97.6%, respectively. The results of this study can contribute to the development of technology to sterilize not only seed surface but also fungi and bacteria inside of seed.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2019

King oyster mushroom(Pleurotus eryngii) is one of the most commercially important mushrooms in Korea. Development of fruit body and disease occurrence are sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide(CO₂) concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the growth environment of king oyster mushroom by installing Airocide, an air purifier for the purpose of improving mushroom cultivation environment. The results of the environment conditions, identification of pathogenic organisms and pathogenesis during the cultivation were as follows. Airocide operation increased the CO₂ concentration of the cultivation room by more than 400 ppm on average, but the increase of CO₂ concentration at this level had little effect on the quality and growth of fruit body. Operation of the Airocide tended to reduce the air humidity of the cultivation room and required more humidification. In humidifying conditions, the Airocide has the effect of lowering the species and density of bacteria and reducing bacterial symptoms and abnormal fruiting body of mushroom. Pseudomonas sp., the mushroom pathogen, was isolated from the cultivation room without Airocide, resulting in serious disease and loss of yields, so that only about 83% of substrate could harvest normal fruiting bodies. No disease symptom caused by bacteria and fungi in the cultivation room with Airocide. Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. were isolated from all experimental conditions, but did not inhibit fruit growth or caused diseased.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.737-746
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• 1995

Through the study of identification of filamentous molds isolated from 12 traditional Nuruk, collected from several regions in Korea, 78 strains of Absidia spp., including Absidia corymbifera, Absidia ramosa, and Absidia sp. of which specific names were not identified, 19 strains of Rhizopus spp. including Rhizopus cohnii, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Rhizopus oryzae, 8 strains of Circinella spp., 1 strain of Actinomucor sp., 49 strains of Aspergillus spp., including Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris, Aspergillus wentii, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus foetidus, 2 strains of Cladospoyium spp. and 2 strains Botryotrichum spp., etc. total 159 kinds of filamentous molds were isolated and identified. There were many differences in numbers and distributions of filamentous molds from each Nuruk according to their collected region. Absidia spp. were most frequently isolated from every Nuruk sample. Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus candidus, and Rhizopus cohnii showed even distribution. Penicillium sp. and Mucor sp. were not detected. Actinomucor sp., Aspergillus foetidus, Botryotrichum sp., and Cladosporium spp., which have not been reported by far, were found. Amylase activities, pH stability of amylase, and acid productivity of isolated strains were compared.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 2013

The exhibition hall of museum has been damaged by abundant dust and mold of the air in the room. Occurrence of microorganisms on the surface of the cultural heritage will cause damages such as coloration, materials degradation, deterioration, etc. In this study, we investigated the temperature/humidity and microbes distribution in exhibition hall, display showcase, and on surface of wall paintings in the Muwisa museum. From some samples collected in exhibition hall and display showcase, we identified so many varieties of micro-organisms such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp.. In particular, we could see a large number of microorganisms in the number 1, 2 exhibition hall compared with the number 3 exhibition hall. The results examining the distribution of the temperature and humidity were showed as $28{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ and 70~80%, respectively. The number 1 exhibition showcase was higher humidity environment than the number 2, 3 exhibition hall compared to the distribution ratio, which considered as correlation with the distribution of microorganism concentration. As these results, we understood that high temperature and humidity in the exhibition hall and display showcase of the Muwisa museum were characteristics caused by environmental management and hermetically-sealed rooms.