• Title/Summary/Keyword: Clad metal

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Cyclic behaviour and modelling of stainless-clad bimetallic steels with various clad ratios

  • Liu, Xinpei;Ban, Huiyong;Zhu, Juncheng;Uy, Brian
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.189-213
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    • 2020
  • Stainless-clad (SC) bimetallic steels that are manufactured by metallurgically bonding stainless steels as cladding metal and conventional mild steels as substrate metal, are kind of advanced steel plate products. Such advanced composite steels are gaining increasingly widespread usage in a range of engineering structures and have great potential to be used extensively for large civil and building infrastructures. Unfortunately, research work on the SC bimetallic steels from material level to structural design level for the applications in structural engineering field is very limited. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the material behaviour of the SC bimetallic steels under the cyclic loading which structural steels usually could encounter in seismic scenario. A number of SC bimetallic steel coupon specimens are tested under monotonic and cyclic loadings. The experimental monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves of the SC bimetallic steels are obtained and analysed. The effects of the clad ratio that is defined as the ratio of the thickness of cladding layer to the total thickness of SC bimetallic steel plate on the monotonic and cyclic behaviour of the SC bimetallic steels are studied. Based on the experimental observations, a cyclic constitutive model with combined hardening criterion is recommended for numerical simulation of the cyclic behaviour of the SC bimetallic steels. The parameters of the constitutive model for the SC bimetallic steels with various clad ratios are calibrated. The research outcome presented in this paper may provide essential reference for further seismic analysis of structures fabricated from the SC bimetallic steels.

Failure and Deformation Analyses of 3-ply Mg/Al/STS Clad-Metalin Bending (굽힘시험시의 Mg/Al/STS 3층 클래드재의 변형 및 파단특성 분석)

  • Kim, In-Kyu;Song, Jun-Young;Hwan, Oh-Ki;Hong, Sun Ig
    • Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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    • v.50 no.5
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    • pp.345-351
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    • 2012
  • A three-point bending test was performed on roll-bonded Mg/Al/STS clad-metal plates under two different testing conditions (Mg layer in tension, or STS in tension) and their mechanical response and fracture behavior were investigated. Bending strength was found to be greater under the condition of Mg layer in tension. Heat treatment at $200^{\circ}C$ increased the bending formability, suggesting the interfacial strength increased at $200^{\circ}C$. Under the condition of Mg in tension, the clad heat-treated at $300^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$ fractured in two steps, with the first step associated with the interfacial fracture between Mg and Al, and the second the fracture of the Mg layer. STS/Al layers were found to be bent without complete fracture. Under the condition of STS in tension, the clad heat-treated at $300^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$ exhibited a very small load drop at the displacement, which is similar to that of the first load drop associated with the interfacial fracture under the condition of Mg in tension. In this case, no interfacial cracks were found and the complete cut-through fracture of clad was observed at low temperature heat treatment conditions, suggesting excellent interfacial strength. When the heat treatment temperature was higher than $300^{\circ}C$, interfacial cracks were observed. The local stress condition and the position of the interface with respect to the surface were found to have a great influence on the fracture behaviors of clad metals.

Study About Measurement of Interfacial Bonding Strength of STS/Al Clad sheet by Blanking Process (블랭킹 공정을 이용한 STS/Al 클래드 판재의 계면 접합력 측정에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, T.H.;Lee, K.S.;Kim, J.H.;Moon, Y.H.;Lee, Y.S.;Yoon, E.Y.
    • Transactions of Materials Processing
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.267-275
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    • 2018
  • The clad sheet material is produced by a roll-bonding process of one or more materials with different properties. Good formability of clad sheet material is an essential property in to deform a clad metal sheet into a part or component. Performance of the clad sheet material largely depends on interfacial bond strength between different materials. In this study, interfacial bond strength of STS/Al clad sheet was analyzed by varying experimental parameters using a blanking process. Experimental parameters are the punching speed, clearance, and stacking order of plate materials. In addition, blanking test results were compared with bond strengths measured by the T-peel test, that analyzes interface bonding strength of the standard clad sheet. The blanking process was analyzed by the finite element method under the sticking condition of interface of different materials, and experimental results and analysis results were compared.

Variations of Metal Flow State and Hardness on the Direct Extrusion of Copper Clad Aluminum Rods (Cu-Al 층상 복합재료 직접압출시 금속의 유동상태와 경도 변화)

  • Kang, W.Y.;Yoon, Y.K.;Park, S.H.;Kim, H.N.
    • Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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    • 2000.11a
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    • pp.759-765
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    • 2000
  • A composite material consists of two or more different material layers. Copper clad aluminum composite materials are being used for economic and structural reasons. This study is concerned with experimental investigation in the direct extrusion of copper clad aluminum rods through conical dies. The suggestion are given for the proper extrudability of copper clad aluminum rods via hot direct extrusion. This paper presents the variation of flow state and hardness at a variable of extrusion ratio and semi-angle of die. By measuring after and before extrusion radius ratio of Cu sleeve and Al core, proportional flow state has been considered. And also by measuring hardness, through extrusion way, a variation of hardness has been considered.

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Finite Element Analysis of the R-value of a 2-Layer Clad Steel (2층 클래드 강재의 유한요소해석을 이용한 이방성지수 계산)

  • Kim, J.G.;Park, B.H.;Kim, S.K.;Chin, K.G.;Kim, H.S.
    • Transactions of Materials Processing
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.311-316
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    • 2014
  • In the current study, the R-value behavior of a two-layer clad steel was investigated using finite element analysis. Hill's 1948 anisotropic yield equation was employed to characterize the anisotropic behavior of the steel with different assumed properties: isotropic (R=1) and anisotropic (R=2). Experimental R-values were determined by measuring the width and thickness ratios of tensile specimens. Finite element analysis results demonstrate a difference in strain behavior in the width and the thickness directions of the clad steel. The R-value behavior depends on the fraction of the clad materials and total elongation.

Change of Mechanical Properties of Clad Steel According to the Welding Process Design (용접 공정 디자인에 따른 클래드강의 기계적 성질 변화)

  • Lee, Jung-Hyun;Park, Jaw-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.372-379
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    • 2013
  • In this study, we investigated the traits of the clad metals used in hot-rolled clad steel plates. We examined the sensitization and mechanical properties of STS 316 steel plate and carbon steel (A516) under the specific circumstances of post heat treatment and whether a weld was multilayered and thick or repeated because of repairs. The test conditions were as follows. The clad steel plates were butt-welded using FCAW/SAW, and the heat treatment was conducted at $625^{\circ}C$, for 80, 160, 320, 640, or 1280 min. The change in the corrosion resistance was evaluated in these specimens. In the case of the carbon steel (A516), as the heat treatment time increased, the annealing effect caused the tensile strength to decrease. The micro- hardness gradually increased and then decreased after 640 min. The elongation and contraction of the area increased gradually. An oxalic acid etch test and EPR test on STS316, a clad metal, showed a STEP structure and no sensitization. From the test results for the multi-layered and repair welds, it could be concluded that there is no effect on the corrosion resistance of clad metals. In summary, the purpose of this study was to suggest some considerations when developing on-site techniques and evaluate the sensitization of stainless steels.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Clad(A4045/A3003) Al Alloy by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (가스텅스텐아크 용접한 클래드(A4045/A3003) 알루미늄 합금의 기계적성질 및 미세조직)

  • Kim, Ki-Bin;Gook, Jin-Seon;Yoon, Dong-Ju;Kim, Byung-Il;Lee, Il-Cheon
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.73-78
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, research was the variation of microstructure and mechanical properties of clad(A4045/A3003) Al alloy sheet by gas tungsten arc welding. Tensile properties of the gas tungsten arc welding joint decreased because of the softened heat affected zone(HAZ). The hardness of HAZ was lower than that of base metal, because relieved the work hardening effect of the welding heat. Hardness distribution of the weld zone with the base metal appears similarly, but the hardness of HAZ decreased remarkably. The microstructure in the weld zone of A4045 clad layer was formed a coarse columner grains of Si-rich. In the case of large weld heat input, the Si of the A4045 were diffused and until A3003 weld zone they decreased the strength.

Effect of Interfacial Reaction Layer on Mechanical Properties of 3-plyMg/Al/STS Clad-metal (Mg/Al/STS 3층 클래드재의 기계적 특성에 미치는 계면반응층의 영향)

  • Kim, In-Kyu;Song, Jun-Young;Lee, Young Sun;Hong, Sun Ig
    • Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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    • v.49 no.8
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    • pp.664-670
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    • 2011
  • 3-ply Mg/Al/STS clad-metal was fabricated by the roll bonding process. An interfacial reaction layer was formed at the Mg/Al interface at and above $300^{\circ}C$ whereas no interfacial reaction layer was observed up to $400^{\circ}C$. The effect of the interfacial reaction layer on the mechanical and fracture properties in clad metals after heat treatments were investigated The chemical compositions were analyzed at the Mg/Al interface by an Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). A tension test was performed to examine the interfacial cracking properties. The Mg layer fractured first, causing a sudden drop of the stress and Al/STS layer continued to deform until the final fracture. Periodic cracks and crack propagation was observed at the reaction layer between Mg and Al.

Effect of Tension-Test Temperature on Fracture Behavior and Mechanical Properties in STS/Al/Cu Clad Materials (STS/Al/Cu 클래드재의 파괴거동 및 기계적 물성에 미치는 인장시험 온도의 영향)

  • Bae, Dong-Hyun;Choi, Young-Jun;Chung, Won-Sub;Bae, Dong-Su;Cho, Young-Rae
    • Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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    • v.47 no.12
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    • pp.811-818
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    • 2009
  • In order to meet increasingly complex and rigorous technical specifications, extensive effort has been devoted to fabricate clad materials with multi-layered metal plates. In this study, novel stainless steel/aluminum/copper (STS/Al/Cu) three-ply clad materials were fabricated by a hot rolling process for cookware applications. The effect of the testing temperature on the mechanical properties of the clad materials and on each component metal was investigated during the tensile tests. The interface properties of the clad materials were also examined by optical microscopy (OM) and an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). The best mechanical and interfacial properties for a warm working process were found in a sample annealed at a temperature of $300^{\circ}C$. For the sample annealed at $400^{\circ}C$, the results of the tensile test indicated that interface delamination occurred only in the region of the Al/Cu interfaces. This was due to the formation of the thick and brittle intermetallic compound of $Al_2Cu$ in the Al/Cu interface. In contrast, no interface delamination was observed in the STS/Al interface, most likely due to its strong bond strength.

A Study on the Diagnostic Method for Fault Prevention Of Metal Clad Switchgear Using Electromagnetic Detection Techniques (전자파 측정을 이용한 폐쇄 배전반의 사고예방진단 기법에 관한 연구)

  • 김재철;서인철;김영노;전영재
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2002
  • This paper presents the diagnostic method for fault prevention in metal clad switchgear(MCS) through comparison of signals before and after detecting the partial discharge using electromagnetic detection technique. Electromagnetic waves detected by antennas of the inside and outside of MCS are analyzed and compared by frequency spectrum analysis method which can estimate an insulation abnormality and normality of MCS. As a result of the experiment by the proposed method, we can detect the insulation abnormality as partial discharge in MCS and these results can be applied to preventive diagnosis of MCS.