• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.353-368
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Korean native plant diets on lipid and cadmium (Cd) metabolisms and also antioxidative enzyme activities in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 210.3$\pm$2.7g were blocked into ten groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with diets containing 0 or 0.04%(w/w) cadmium chloride and 5%(w/w) plant powder-Ssook(Artemisia princeps var. orientalis HARA), Chamchwi(Aster scaber THUNB), Gomchwi(Lingularia fischeri TUBCZ). or Solbeerum (Portulaca oleracea LINNE). Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat were significantly lower in Cd-exposed groups, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat were significanlty lower in Cd-exposed groups. Plasma total lipid level, liver total lipid, cholesterol and triglycerde concentrations, and fecal total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride excretions were decreased by Cd administration. Total lipid and triglyceride concentration in plasma and liver were lower in Chamchwi groups together with increased fecal total lipid and triglyceride excretions. Cholesterol concentration in plasma and liver were lower in Gomchwi groups with increased fecal cholesterol excretions. Activities of red-blood-cell superoxide dismutase(SOD), and liver catalase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were decreased significantly by Cd administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of plasma and liver were increased by Cd administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentration of plasma and liver were increased by Cd administration. Administration of plant diets decreased plasma and liver catalase, SOD and GSH-px activities in Cd-free diet groups and increased them in Cd-administered groups. Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations were decreased in animals fed plant diets, with Chamchwi showing the most effective antioxidative capacity. The concentration of Cd accumulated in blood and tissue decreased in Cd-exposed groups fed plant diets. Liver Cd concentration were lower in the Chamchwi and Gomchwi groups, and kidney Cd levels were lower in the Ssook and Chamchwi groups. Among them, Chamchwi was the most effective in Cd detoxification. In conclusion, Chamchwi and Gomchwi were effective in lowering tissue lipid levels, with Chamchwi having the greatest antioxidative and detoxifying effects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.371-374
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• 1989

측백을 물로 추출하여 추출액를 토끼에게 4주간 급여하여 사육시키고 혈장을 분리하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 실험식이 기간동안 체중변화는 대조군과 실험군이 큰 변화가 없이 증가되었으며 간장의 무게는 다같이 $43{\pm}5g$이었다. 2. 혈당, 콜레스테롤, 트리글리세라이드, 지질과산화물은 대조군에 있어서 보다 낮은 값을 보였고, $2m{\ell}/kg$을 급여한 실험군에 있어서 모두 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 3. 지방산 조성은 대조군과 실험군에 있어서 큰 차이는 없으나 $C_{16:0}$은 실험군에 있어서는 아주 높은 값(50%이상)을 보였고, n-3/n-6 ratio가 0.31이상으로 p/s ratio가 감소함을 보였다. 4. 이상의 결과로 측백의 물 추출액을 급여하면, 혈당, 콜레스테롤, 지질과 산화물. 트리글리세라이드를 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.584-590
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• 2012

This study evaluated the effects of carnosine supplementation on carnosine concentration in muscles and blood biochemical indices of rats. Thirty-two eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into a control group (CON) as well as three carnosine-treated groups. The carnosine-treated groups included groups fed diets composed of 0.01% carnosine (LC), 0.1% carnosine (MC), and 1.0% carnosine (HC). Body weight gain, food intake, feed efficacy rate, protein efficacy rate, and organ weights were not significantly different among the groups. In all groups, the mean carnosine levels in gastrocnemius muscles were higher than the mean carnosine levels in soleus muscles. Carnosine concentrations in soleus muscles and gastrocnemius muscles were significantly higher in the HC group compared to all other groups (p<0.05). Serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in all of the carnosine-supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05), while HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase levels in rats supplemented with carnosine were significantly higher than those of the control group. In conclusion, diets supplemented with high levels of carnosine can increase carnosine concentrations in skeletal muscles, which might contribute to increased exercise capacity. Furthermore, these findings suggest that high levels of dietary carnosine improve the lipid profile of rats by lowering blood LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

Ginsenosides, a group of Panax ginseng saponins, exert the lowering effects of plasma cholesterol levels in animals. We had reported earlier that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulate low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) expression. This study was conducted to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on the expression of the hepatic LDLR expression at cellular levels using HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether the sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-l) was involved in the regulation of LDLR expression. Incubation of HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with cholesterol $(10{\mu}g/ml)$ for 8 hours decreased the mRNAs of LDLR mRNA by $12\%$ and SREBP-l mRNA by $35\%$. Ginsenoside Rb2 antagonized the repressive effects of cholesterol and increased both LDLR and SREBP-l mRNA expression to 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, Western blot and confocal microscopic analyses with SREBP-l polyclonal antibody revealed that ginsenoside Rb2 enhanced the maturation of the SREBP-1 from the inactive precursor form in ER membrane to the active transcription factor form in nucleus. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulates LDLR expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of not only SREBP-2 expression, but also SREBP-1 expression and maturation, and also indicate that the pharmacological value of ginsenoside Rb2 may be distinguished from that of lovastatin which is reported that it upregulate LDLR through SREBP-2 only, not through SREBP-1.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

Spirulina is a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium that contains essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidative components. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of spirulina intervention in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. The subjects were 37 type 2 diabetic patients who visited a diabetic clinic in Seoul and randomly assigned into spirulina (8 g/day) or control group. During the intervention period of 12 weeks, subjects were asked to keep usual diet and prohibited to take any functional foods or dietary supplements. Spirulina supplementation for 12 weeks did not affect anthropometric parameters, however, lowered plasma triglycerides level significantly (p<0.05). Spirulina supplementation also resulted in a significant reduction in plasma malondialdehyde level (p<0.05) and an increase in plasma adiponectin level (p<0.1). The lipid lowering effect of spirulina supplementation was different according to serum lipid levels of the subjects before entering the intervention. The subjects with higher initial triglyceride level showed higher reduction in plasma triglyceride and blood pressure. The subjects with higher initial total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level showed higher reduction in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, IL-6, and blood pressure. It seems that spirulina supplementation is more effective in subjects with dyslipidemia. This study provides the evidence for beneficial effects of spirulina supplementation on blood lipid profiles, inflammatory variables, and antioxidant capacity in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. The results suggest that spirulina is a promising agent as a functional food for diabetes management.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed meal (PSM) on laying hens' performance, quality, fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidant compounds and shelf life of eggs. Methods: Eighty Tetra SL laying hens, 50-week-old, were randomly divided into two equal groups, having 10 replicates with 4 birds in each. The control (CON) treatment was fed with basal diet, while experimental treatment was fed a diet with 9% PSM, for a 6 week period. Results: Dietary PSM significantly decreased average daily feed intake (p<0.05), with no significant effect on other performance parameters. The PSM, enriched the eggs with polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially α linolenic acid (0.33 vs 0.21 g/100 g) and linoleic acid (20.65 vs 18.37 g/100 g), whereas it reduced the amount of arachidonic acid with 3.91% and n-6/n-3 ratio in PSM eggs compared with CON. The inclusion of 9% PSM significantly (p<0.05) diminished the cholesterol concentration in yolk with 11.31% and in egg with 10.38%, in respect to the CON samples. The significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds, determined in PSM eggs, proved to be effective on shelf life of eggs preserved at refrigerator (5℃) and room temperature (21℃) for 28 days, by delaying the lipid oxidation and protein denaturation. This effect was reflected in significantly (p<0.05) higher Haugh unit in eggs stored 28 days at 21℃ and lower albumen pH values for the overall storage time, both at 5℃ and 21℃, proving the antioxidant effect of pumpkin. Conclusion: Dietary PSM supplementation was significantly effective on average daily feed intake and egg quality by increasing some fatty acids while lowering the cholesterol concentration. Also, PSM proved to be effective improving shelf life of eggs for 28 days storage time.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2024

Worldwide, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death, which accordingly increased by hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia therapy can include lifestyle changes and medications to control cholesterol levels. Statins are the medications of the first choice for dealing with lipid abnormalities. Rosuvastatin founds to control high lipid levels by hindering liver production of cholesterol and to achieve the targeted levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, another lipid lowering agents named ezetimibe may be used as an added therapy. Both rosuvastatin and ezetimibe have low bioavailability which will stand as barrier to decrease cholesterol levels, because of such depictions, formulations of this combined therapy in nanotechnology will be of a great assistance. Our study demonstrated preparations of nanoparticles of this combined therapy, showing their physical characterizations, and examined their behavior in laboratory conditions and vivo habitation. The mean particle size was uniform, polydispersity index and zeta potential of formulations were found to be in the ranges of (0.181-0.72) and (-13.4 to -6.24), respectively. Acceptable limits of entrapment efficiency were affirmed with appearance of spherical and uniform nanoparticles. In vitro testing showed a sustained release of drug exceeded 90% over 24 h. In vivo study revealed an enhanced dissolution and bioavailability from loaded nanoparticles, which was evidenced by calculated pharmacokinetic parameters using triton for hyperlipidemia induction. Stability studies were performed and assured that the formulations are kept the same up to one month. Therefore, nano formulations is a suitable transporter for combined therapy of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe with improvement in their dissolution and bioavailability.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.421-426
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• 1999

감식초가 고 콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐의 혈중 지질성분에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 평균 체중 150g의 Sprague-Dawley종 수컷을 이용하여 l% 콜레스테롤을 첨가한 고 콜레스테롤 식이에 감식초 함유량에 따라 감식초를 섭취하지 않은 군(대조군), 감식초를 1.5% 희석한 군. 3% 희석한 군, 7% 희석한 군, 모두 4군으로 분류하였다. 각 군마다 10마리씩 임의 분류하여 4주간 사육하여 혈청 중의 총 콜레스테롤 농도, HDL-콜레스테롤 농도, LDL-콜레스테롤 농도, 혈중 중성지질 농도, AST 및 ALT의 활성도를 측정하였다. 실험동물의 평균 식이 섭취량과 체중 증가량 및 FER은 감식초 함유량에 의한 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈액 중 총 콜레스테롤 농도 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 통계적인 유의성은 나타나지 않았으나 감식초 함유량이 증가함에 따라 감소하여 7% 감식초군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 감식초 함유량에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 7% 감식초 함유군에서 가장 낮은 총 콜레스테롤 농도로 인해 동맥경화지수는 7% 감식초 함유군에서 가장 낮았다. 혈청 중의 중성지질 농도는 감식초 함유량에 의하여 통계적인 유의성을 나타내어 3% 감식초 함유군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 혈청 중의 AST 및 ALT의 활성도는 7% 감식초 함유군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다 이로써 감식초는 고 콜레스테롤 식이를 하는 흰쥐에 있어 혈중 중성지질을 낮추어 주는데 효과적이며 통계적으로 유의성은 나타나지 않았으나 감식초 함유량이 증가함에 따라 혈액 중 총 콜레스테롤 농도 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도를 낮추어 주며 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도를 높여주는 효과가 있었으므로 고지혈증 및 동맥경화증을 예방하는 데 도움을 주리라 추측되어진다. 그러나 본 실험이 4주 동안의 짧은 기간이었으므로 좀더 기간을 연장하고 감식초의 농도를 다양하게 구분하여 장기간의 감식초 음용에 대한 효과를 관찰하는 것이 요구된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.397-401
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• 2013

The Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang, an officially standardized mixture of traditional herbal medicines used in Korea and China, consists of Pueraria lobata, Scullellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis and Glycyrrhiza uralensis at a ratio of 6:9:3:2.4. In this study, we evaluated the effect of lowering lipid accumulation in blood by treatment of Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang in Apo E(-/-) atherosclerotic animal model. ApoE/mice fed with 1.25% cholesterol, 7.5% cocoa butter and 0.5% sodium cholate diet were orally given vehicle or Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang(10, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Serum levels of triglyceride(TG), total cholestrerol(TC), low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) were analyzed, and PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ were examined by Western blotting analysis. Galkun-Whanglyeon- Whanggum-Tang decreased serum levels of TG, TC and LDL, but not HDL in ApoE/mice. In parallel, Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang treatment showed the increased activity of PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ in hepatocytes. In summary, Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang can reduce lipid accumulation in blood, and this effect might be accompanied by the upregulation of PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ in Apo E(-/-) atherosclerotic mouse model.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 1987

The effect of Schizandrae fructus extract (S.F.E.) on experimentally alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits and the acute toxicity on mice were studied; $LP_{50}$ of the extract was 21.50g/kg by intraperitoneal administration in mice. S.F.E. showed more rapid recovering effect than the control group : all samples showed excellent effect of lowering the hyperglycemia, that is, the blood glucose level was significantly decreased by 800mg/kg in 2 days and by 200mg/kg in 6 days. SGPT activity was lowered promptly after 4 days in 800mg/kg. Total cholesterol level was not shown significant lowering effect by 200mg/kg, but rapid by 800mg/kg in 6 days; blood urea nitrogen level was decreased gradually in 800mg/kg after 10 days and 14 days in 200mg/kg. In histological studies of pancreas, the sample groups exhibited less karyorrhexis, vacuolar and vesicular change, more stable in contents of ${\beta}-cells$ than the control group.