• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3D
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• pp.363-369
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• 2008

Change is inevitable and is a reality of construction projects. Change adjustment includes the cost associated with materials, labor, etc. However, the actions of a contractor can cause a loss of productivity and furthermore can result in disruption of the whole project because of a cumulative or ripple effect. Because of its complicated nature, it becomes a complex issue to determine the cumulative impact (ripple effect) caused by single or multiple change orders. Furthermore, owners and contractors do not always agree on the adjusted contract price for the cumulative impact of the changes. What is needed is a reliable method to identify and quantify the loss of productivity caused by cumulative impact of change orders. This study survey the change orders data in domestic area for public construction and analyze to quantify change order impact. This study developed concepts of "%CO", "%Delta", "%T" to capture change order effect on project and search the relationships between them. Finally, this study find strong relationship between change order and loss.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.365-366
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to prevent dispute due to change orders in construction projects and to handle change orders smoothly. For this purpose, this study analyzed arbitration cases caused by change order handled by the Korea Commercial Arbitration Board. Based on this, dispute factors were analyzed and change order management factors and management plans were presented. Change order management factors were derived from responsibility, contract, design, process, construction cost, and schedule management, and a detailed management plan according to the relevant factor was presented.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.55-64
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• 2013

The complexity of constructing medical institutions is higher than that of general buildings, and many change orders in the design and defect repairs in the construction phase are required due to strict government regulations. The priority control of constructions and impact factors of medical institutions were analyzed in this study, and difficulties in the control in the design and construction phase were identified. First, the priority management factors that were identified were as follows: architecture, facilities, and electricity. Second, 1) priority management in constructions and factors resulting in change orders and 2) priority management in constructions involving defect repair were analyzed. Third, the importance recognized by the construction managers were analyzed. The priority management in constructions and factors that were recognized by the construction manager were deducted as having low importance, although there were many change orders and defects. The work of finishing, wall building, joining, office automation and communication function, and lighting were analyzed in the design phase, and waste, the office automation and communication function, ceilings, contamination control, and plumbing were analyzed in the construction phase. The results showed that there will be a decrease in change orders and defects if the concentration of the manager was elevated and priorities were managed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.295-300
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• 2001

Additional costs as well as schedule delay are occurred due to change orders in today's construction projects. Additional costs, overhead calculation methods are of various types. In a foreign country cases, many claims related to the loss of labor productivity quote research statistics data. In domestic cases, the study of the reason why the loss of labor productivity occurs and its effect have not been performed. Therefore, this paper analyzes factors affecting lost productivity and a methodology is presented to estimate the lost productivity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.51-65
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• 2005

The insects and Benthic Macro-Invertebrates are very important for index of investigation. This reserch is executed a field investigation with a date analysis of the laboratory under such as above hypothesis and we have grasped the change of the creature according to the season through the executing of field investigation(We executed six times about the insects, seven times about the Benthic Macro-Inbertebrates each expending from Apr. to Oct. 2004). The result of summary in 2004 show that, we have grasped 12 orders 56 familys 116 species on 2001 and 10 orders 42 familys 78 species on 2002 through the investigation. Also we have grasped 13 orders 53 familys 114 species on 2003 and 12 orders 63 familys 121 speceies on 2004 through the investigation. In the case of enthic Macro-Invertebrates, we executed the analysis through the investigation result expending from 2003 to 2004 due to there is no literature investigation record from 2001 to 2002. We have grasped 8 orders 17 familys 24 species on 2003 and 7 orders 11 familys 24 species on Aug. 2004 through the investigation. We executed the analysis about an each condition due to it is difficult to compare the above result simply by the various variable at the investigation. We expect that it become the fundamental reference data to establish a efficient mode of life undo plan after grasped the inhabitation and movement route of creature inside the river through this reserch.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.100-124
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• 1997

In order to suggest the strategies for participation in the PPS(Prospective Payment System), analyses were performed based on variations in utilization pattern and changes in revenues of hospitals in 10 selected KDRGs. The data was collected from the claims data of a tertiary hospital in Kyunggido from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. The studies consisted of 1, 718 inpatients diagnosed for lens procedures, tonsilectomy &/or adenoidectomy, appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, Cesarean section, or vaginal delivery without any complications. The resources used in each KDRG were measured including average length of stay, total charges, number of orders, intensity of medical services, frequencies of medical services, the rate of non-reimbursable charges, and the rate of non-reimbursable orders. Then, the changes in hopital revenues due to the composition of medical fee schedules under the PPS were estimated as follows: 1) The variations in average lenght of stay, total charges, number of orders, the intensity of medical services, the frequency of medical services, the rate of non-reimbursable charges, and the rate of non-reimbursable orders among the 10 KDRGs were comparatively small. 2) The average lenght of stay was the longest(6.0 days) for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, while it was the shortest(2.1 days) for two vaginal deliveries. Statistically differences existed in the average length of stay among physicians and among the dates of admission in several KDRGs. 3) The total charges were the highest for lens procedures(1, 716, 000 won), while the lowest charges were for two vaginal deliveries(558, 000 won). Statistically differences in the total charges were found among physicians in several KDRGs: however, there were no differences with the dates of admission. 4) The number of orders was the greatest(155) for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis, while it was the smallest(75) for the two vaginal deliveries. Statistical differences in the number of orders did not exist among physicians in the KDRGs. 5) Significant differences were found in the intensity of medical services, and in the frequency of medical services among physicians in the KDRGs. 6) The rate of non-reimbursable charges for each KDRG was not related to the rate of non-reimbursable orders. The rate of non-reimbursable orders was the highest(36.0%) for lens procedures, while the lowest rate(11.6%) was for appendectomy with complicated principal diagnosis. The rate of non-reimbursable charges was the highest(39.4-39.7%) for vaginal deliveries, while the lowest rate(13.1%) was for tonsillectomy &/or adenoidectomy(<17 ages). 7) If the physician's practicing style were not change under the PPS, the hospital revenuses could be increased by 10%, and the portion of patient payment could be decreased by 1.4-22.4%. However, the non-reimbursable charges for showed little change between two reimbursement systems. Based upon the above findings, this hospital could be eligible for participation in the PPS(Prospective Payment Systm). However, the process of diagnosis and treatment should be standardized, inentifying methods to reduce cost and to assure quality of medical care. Furthermore, consideration should be given to finding ways to increase patient volume.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1997

Very large in electrical resistivity by several orders of magnitude is obtained when an external magnetic field is applied to the colossal magnetoresistnace (CMR) materials such as La-Ca-Mn-O. The magnetoresistance is strongly temperature-dependent, and exhibits a sharp peak below room temperature, which can be shifted by adjusting the composition or processing parameters. The control of lattice geometry or strain, e.g., by chemical substitution, epitaxial growth or post-deposition anneal of thin films appears to be crucial in obtaining the CMR properties. The orders of magnitude change in electrical resistivity could be useful for various magnetic and electric device applications. .

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2007

Highly standardized products are suitable for automated purchasing using electronic commerce technology, where the price becomes the most important factor. Suppliers can change the prices dynamically based on the inventory level and market situation in order to maximize the sales and profit. In the virtual marketplace where multiple customers purchase multiple standardized products from multiple suppliers repetitively, customers can purchase the required amount of each item as a dynamic bidding by allocating purchase orders to the suppliers based on the current price. Customers need a method to quickly determine the optimal allocation of orders to the suppliers using the dynamically changing data to minimize the total cost. We present a LP model which minimizes the sum of the total price plus transportation cost for this problem. Simulation results using random data show meaningful reduction of the total cost.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2021

This paper looks into how to enhance construction project management, focusing on the change order, which is often considered one of the major causes for construction delays, disputes, and claims in the middle east construction. First, this paper categorizes the major causes of change orders. It suggests a detailed classification standard for affecting factors resulting from change orders based on a case study result of an on-going construction project in the Middle East. In particular, this paper presents a method to apply a machine learning-based feature selection to quantify the importance of change order triggers and affecting factors. As a result, the case study identifies six major change order triggers and eight affecting factors. Also, a meaningful relationship between change order triggers and affecting factors by each category is presented. This paper will contribute to setting a clear guideline for change order management for the international plant construction field while helping prevent construction delays and cost run-ups by reducing the time required for change order resolution between project owners and contractors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.193-202
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• 2015

This study suggests strategies business strategies of specialty contractors by interaction analysis between business performance indicators and construction business indicators depending on operation types. To analyzing this research, a database was analyze for construction orders and business performance indicators for specialty contractors with KRW 7 billion from 1997 to 2010 yr. For organized management oriented specialty contractors, the amount of construction orders is directly affecting the corporate stability and therefore decreasing orders can negatively affect the owner's equity ratio. However, considering that the turnover ratio of total liabilities and net worth is affecting the owner's equity, an asset management plan needs to be established in a way to increase sales to the owner's equity secured with increase in construction orders. For a single leader oriented specialty contractors, the owner's equity ratio is also significantly affected by change in the amount of construction orders and some countermeasure is required. But, as liability ratio is affecting the amount of construction orders, some sort of countermeasures to decrease liability ratio is required.