• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.164-177
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was done to develop a strength based I-change smoking cessation program for middle school boys and identified its effects. Methods: The study design was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The participants were 97 middle school students from D city, who were in school from April 6 to September 25, 2015. The experimental group participated in the strength based I-change smoking cessation program, while the comparative group participated in a general smoking cessation program. The control group did not participate in any program. Data analyses involved $x^2$-test, Fishers' exact test, Bonferroni test, and Repeated measures ANOVA, with the IBM SPSS for Windows (version 20.0) program. Results: Compared to the comparison and control groups, the experimental group showed significant improvement in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, behavior change. Also cotinine in urine and modeling of social influence in the experimental group significantly decreased after the strength based I-change smoking cessation program. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the strength based I-change smoking cessation program is an effective intervention for middle school boys who smoke. The findings suggest that such programs can be used at public health centers or through school health education to decrease smoking in adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.352-361
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing smoking cessation in female workers. Methods: This study was secondary analysis based on the data from the Community Health Survey, 2014 with the subjects of 2,007 female workers. The data were analyzed using $x^2$ test and multiple logistic regression. Results: 29.2% of female workers had the intention to quit smoking. The subjects with office jobs showed higher smoking cessation intention than non-office jobs. Smoking cessation intention was influenced by the amount of smoking per day, previous attempts to quit smoking, sleeping time, the presence of chronic disease, the presence of depressive symptoms, weight control behavior and subjective body images. Conclusion: These findings show that tailored interventions should be provided depending on the types of occupations in order to increase smoking cessation in female workers. In addition, smoking cessation programs need to consider not only the smoking related factors but also physical and psychological health including chronic disease, weight, and depression.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.646-654
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• 2004

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a comprehensive smoking cessation program for Korean adolescents. Method. The study design was quasi-experimental with one pre and three post-tests. The three posttests were done immediately after, three months later, and six months after the completion of the program. A total of 43 high school students who smoked participated in the study with 22 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The smoking cessation program consisted of 9 sessions with content on enhancement of self-efficacy, stress management, correction of distorted thoughts, consciousness raising, and assertiveness training. The study variables were urine cotinine levels, self-efficacy, stress, and stages of changed behavior. Results. Urine cotinine levels significantly decreased in the experimental group after the program (F=3.02, p=.06) but significantly increased in the control group (F=6.32, p=.004). Self-efficacy and the degree of stress did not change in either group. The stages of smoking cessation behavior tended to change when compared with raw data for the experimental group. For most participants, the stages of change had been precontemplation and contemplation, but changed to action and maintenance stage among the experimental group. Conclusion. The program was effective in smoking cessation and influencing stages of change but did not change psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy and stress. It is suggested a program should be developed to change psychosocial variables on a long-term basis. It is also desirable to involve peers and families of adolescents who smoke when planning programs to enhance social support.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.333-338
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• 2015

Background: Oral health professionals are responsible in Iran for providing a brief tobacco cessation program to smoker patients. The aim of this study was to assess Iranian dental student and dentist practice, knowledge and attitudes toward smoking cessation programs. Materials and Methods: A valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to 150 dentists working in Isfahan-Iran and 60 dental students. Some questions were developed based on the expected 5A tobacco cessation protocol. Statements on attitudes focused on professional responsibility towards smoking cessation and its effectiveness. Chi-square, ANOVA, and t test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The cessation program in dental settings covers a small group of patients (18%). Some 69.1% (n=96) of dentists reported asking their patients about tobacco use, 64% (n=83) advising their patients to quit, 33.8% (n=47) assessing their patients willingness to quit and 20% (n=28) reported helping their patients in changing their behavior. A far lower percentage reported active involvement in arranging assistance for smokers to quit (4.3%, n=5). Some 22% of students and 26% of dentists disagreed that the tobacco cessation programs should be as part of dentists' professional responsibility and 70% of them were willing to follow the protocol of tobacco cessation for patients. Conclusions: Iranian dentist performance regarding tobacco cessation is weak. Dentists and students indicated their lack of knowledge as the major reason for non-adherence to the protocol. Therefore, planning to encourage dentist to follow the protocol needs continuous educational programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2811-2818
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• 2013

Background: Initiation, perpetuation and cessation of smoking are all multifactorial. It is essential to explore interactions among various parameters influencing smoking and its cessation for effective smoking cessation interventions. Objectives: To obtain insights into smoking and its cessation among current smokers in India. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted among current smokers visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS), Manipal University, Mangalore. Knowledge, attitudes, behavior, worksite practices towards smoking and its cessation, barriers to smoking cessation and socio-demographic variables were explored using a structured, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 175 current smokers participated in the study. Mean knowledge, attitude, worksite practice and barrier scores were $15.2{\pm}5.67$ (66.1%), $57.5{\pm}7.67$ (82.1%), $4.18{\pm}2.02$ (41.8%) and $57.4{\pm}12.37$ (63.7%) respectively. Correlation analysis revealed: association of knowledge with education, occupation and religion; attitude with education and occupation; worksite practices with occupation; knowledge with attitude; and barriers negatively with worksite practices. The majority (85.7%) of respondents intended to quit smoking and this was associated with higher attitude scores, whereas actual quit attempts were associated with high knowledge, attitudes, worksite practices and low barrier scores. Conclusions: Various socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and its cessation were identified. The present study highlights the importance of identifying and targeting these interactions while framing guidelines and interventions for effective tobacco cessation in a developing country like India.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.655-660
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• 2016

Smoking is accountable for the fatality of a substantial number of persons and increases the likelihood of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Although data have shown high prevalence rates of cigarette smoking in Saudi Arabia, relatively little is known about the broader scope. The objectives of this study were to investigate socio-demographic factors, patterns of use and cessation behavior associated with smoking in Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study utilized a cross-sectional, multi-step design of sampling. Residents (N=1,497; aged 15 years and older) were recruited from seven administrative areas in Southwest Saudi Arabia. A pretested questionnaire was utilized to obtain data on participant cigarette smoking, including their daily use, age, education, income, marital status and employment status. The current study is the first of its kind to gather data cessation behavior of Saudi subjects. With the exception of 1.5% females, all the respondents were male. The majority of the respondents were married, had a university level of education, were employed, and were younger than 34 years old. The same trends were also observed among smokers' samples. The current prevalence of cigarette smoking was 49.2% and 65.7% of smokers had smoking at less than 18 years of age. The mean daily use amongst smokers was 7.98 cigarettes (SD=4.587). More than 50% of the study sample had tried at least once to quit smoking. However, 42% of the smokers participating had never. On the other hand, about 25% of the respondents were willing to consider quitting smoking in the future. Modeling of cigarette smoking suggested that the most significant independent predictors of smoking behavior were geographic area, gender, marital status, education, job and age. Considerable variation in smoking prevalence was noted related with participant sociodemographics. Findings recommend the necessity for control and intervention programs in Saudi community.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.678-687
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• 1996

Smoking is considered to be one of the important risk factors associated with various health problems. Thirty seven million people in America quit smoking in the past decade, with 90% quitting on their own(Americal Heart Association, 1986). According to McAlister(1975), 70% of smokers reported that they adopted a self-help smoking cessation approach rather than a formal treatment program. In our country, although, auccessful exsmokers have used, are not available, concerns about smoking cessation have increased, recently, due to changes in social and political attitudes to health promotion. This study was conducted to help smokers who had made a decision to adopt a self-helf smoking cessation approach instead of depending on a formal treatment program. It provided a structurd way for sucessful smoking cessation by identifying change mechanism factors which have been commonly used by smokers. The subjects selected for this study were 155 university students between 20 and 29. Years of age the results from the analysis of the collected data showed that seven factors in the self-help change processes significant, and they are named, Stimulus Control, Self-Determination, Information Management, Reinforcement Management, Helpful Relationships, Dramatic Relief, and Cognitive Restructuring. All of the factors except Self-Determination represent the same change mechanisms which are proposed by Prochaska et at.(1988). Self-Determination uniformly includes items belonging to various change processes. Therefore, it might be an transitional factor including strategies related to both cognitive and behavioral dimensions. In spite of this, noted that one item which gives meaning of Self-Determination shows the highest factor loading, it is named Self-Determination.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.413-421
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• 2020

Because of space constraints of the ship, accessibility to supporting system for nonsmoking is poor in seafarers' group. This study was performed to find the smoking status, second-hand smoking status and factors related to smoking habit of Korean seafarers. So, we examined the rate of smoking and secondhand smoking, and knowledge about smoking, attitude for smoking behavior, smoking cessation intention and working environment related to smoking of 155 seafarers. Their smoking rate was 32.3% and secondhand smoke rate was very high by 86.5%. Their working place equipped a separate smoking room, but most of them had been smoked in where they were stayed. and we found the inadequate ventilation facility in 42.6%. Only 21.9% had a experience of education for smoking cessation. From the study Attitude for smoking behavior was negative and smoking knowledge was high. 90% of them tried to stop to smoke, but intention of smoking cessation was low. We need to motivate seafarers and increase their smoking cessation intention by regular education in available ways. From the study, we purpose that government will realign regulations related to ventilation facility and appointed smoking area on the board to prevent seondhand smoke, and the policy need to possess the regular survey of smoking status and customized smoking cessation education for seafarers.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.354-363
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify factors related to quit-smoking intention based on the planned behavior theory among out-of-school youths. Methods: This study was a quantitative research, data were collected during Nov. 1. 2018 to Feb. 28, 2019, study subjects were 189 out-of-school youths in Youth support Center located in A, B, C area city. The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results: There was a significant differences of quit smoking intention according to age, weekly allowance, participate of antismoking program. There were positive correlations between quit smoking intention and attitude to non-smoking and perceived behavior control. In smoking cessation intention influenced by predictive variable, age, weekly allowance, attitude to non-smoking, and perceived behavior control explain 26.8% smoking cessation intention. Conclusion: We believe that findings from this study will help to develop the specific smoking cessation education program for out-of-school youth's health behaviors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.904-913
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate smoking cessation behavior of male taxi drivers in Korea on the basis of the Transtheoretical model(TTM), and to validate the usefulness of TTM. Method: Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire including smoking history and major factors of TTM from 208 subjects who were current smokers or ex-smokers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Result: Most subjects ($85.1\%$) were current smokers. Stages of change were precontemplation ($44.7\%$) and contemplation ($27.4\%$). Subjects in precontemplation stages had the lowest mean score in processes of change and the highest mean scores in decisional balance(pros) and temptation(positive affective, habitual/craving). According to stages of change, there were statistically significant differences in processes of change, decisional balance, and temptation. Conclusion: This study supported the generalization of TTM. As this study showed that the subjects didn't have motivation in smoking cessation, applying tailored smoking cessation programs for taxi drivers is needed.