• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.33-37
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• 1975

This investigation was designed to determine the influence of drying methods on the free amino acids and free sugars in red pepper and to study the browning mechanism of brown-colored red pepper. Three different drying methods were employed: 1) Sun-drying at $25{\sim}28^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, 2) Drying in oven at $60^{\circ}C$ for 49 hours, and 3) Drying in oven at $90^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours. Dried and ground peels were used for the analysis of free amino acids and free sugars. The results were as follows; 1. Sixteen kinds of amino acids i.e. asparagine, methionine, and cystine etc. were identified. Total amino acid content of the sun-dried sample was not different from that of the fresh sample, but the samples dried at $60^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ in the oven were decreased to 24.9% and 67.4% respectively. Of amino acids identified, methionine, lysine and aspartic acid were decreased in all treatments. Especially, methionine ana aspartic acid were decreased rapidly to 71.8% and 73.3% , respectively. 2. Three kinds of free sugars i.e. glucose, fructose and sucrose were identified. The total content of free sugars was significantly decreased in each treatment. Among the reducing sugars, glucose was rapidly decreased; 65.9% for the glucose of sample dried at $90^{\circ}C$ in the oven. 3. At the higher drying temperature, the darker red color was found. Brown-color appeared at $90^{\circ}C-drying$ showed appreciable losses in carotenoid content, but the major color seems to be due to the large increase in browning compounds. 4. It was assumed that increased browning compounds of red pepper were due to the Maillard reaction which is a nonenzymatic browning process.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.550-557
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Angelica keiskei is a green leafy vegetable rich in plant pigment phytochemicals such as flavonoids and carotenoids. This study examined bioavailability of flavonoids and carotenoids in Angelica keiskei and the alteration of the antioxidant performance in vivo. SUBJECTS AND MATERIALS: Absorption kinetics of phytochemicals in Angelica keiskei were determined in healthy older adults (> 60 y, n = 5) and subjects with metabolic syndrome (n = 5). Subjects consumed 5 g dry Angelica keiskei powder encapsulated in gelatin capsules with a low flavonoid and carotenoid liquid meal. Plasma samples were collected at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h. Samples were analyzed for flavonoids and carotenoids using HPLC systems with electrochemical and UV detection, respectively, and for total antioxidant performance by fluorometry. RESULTS: After ingestion of Angelica keiskei increases in plasma quercetin concentrations were observed at 1-3 and 6-8 hr in the healthy group and at all time points in the metabolic syndrome group compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Plasma lutein concentrations were significantly elevated in both the healthy and metabolic syndrome groups at 8 hr (P < 0.05). Significant increases in total antioxidant performance were also observed in both the healthy and the metabolic syndrome groups compared to baseline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study clearly demonstrate the bioavailability of phytonutrients of Angelica keiskei and their ability to increase antioxidant status in humans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

Antioxidant compounds and activities of raw and cooked (blanching, pan-frying, soy sauce pickle, Kochugang pickle) domestic garlic stems were investigated. The contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and allicin in raw and cooked garlic stems were measured. Various cooking process increased significantly chlorophyll and $\beta$-carotene contents of garlic stem, but decreased vitamin C, phenolic compounds and allicin contents (p<0.05). Antioxidant activities of methanol extracts from raw and cooked garlic stem such as electronic donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) were compared. The antioxidant activities were found to have lowered in the order of raw> pan-frying> blanching> garlic stem soy sauce pickle> garlic stem Kochujang pickle. Antioxidant activities of cooked garlic stems were more than 65% of cooked garlic bulbs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.854-866
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• 2016

The production cost of biodiesel from microalgae is still not competitive, compared with that of petroleum fuels. The genetic improvement of microalgal strains to increase triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation is one way to reduce production costs. One of the most promising approaches is the isolation of starch-deficient mutants, which have been reported to successfully increase TAG yields. To date, such a stable mutant is not available in an oleaginous marine microalga, despite several advantages of using marine species for biodiesel production. Algae in the genus Dunaliella are known to tolerate high salt concentration and other environmental stresses. In addition, the cultivation processes for large-scale outdoor commercialization have been well established for this genus. In this study, Dunaliella tertiolecta was used to screen for starch-deficient mutants, using an iodine vapor-staining method. Four out of 20,016 UV-mutagenized strains showed a substantial reduction of starch content. A significantly higher TAG content, up to 3-fold of the wild-type level, was observed in three of the mutants upon induction by nitrogen depletion. The carotenoid production and growth characteristics of these mutants, under both normal and oxidative stress conditions, were not compromised, suggesting that these processes are not necessarily affected by starch deficiency. The results from this work open up new possibilities for exploring Dunaliella for biodiesel production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1591-1597
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• 2007

The production of carotenoids, lipid content, and fatty acid composition were all studied in a strain of Sporobolomyces ruberrimus when using different concentrations of technical glycerol as the carbon source and ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. The total lipids represented an average of 13% of the dry weight, and the maximum lipids were obtained when using 65.5 g/l technical glycerol (133.63 mg/g). The optimal conditions for fatty acid production were at $27^{\circ}C$ using 20 g of ammonium sulfate and a pH range from 6 to 7, which produced a fatty acid yield of $32.5{\pm}1\;mg/g$, including $1.27{\pm}0.15\;mg$ of linolenic acid (LNA), $7.50{\pm}0.45\;mg$ of linoleic acid (LLA), $5.50{\pm}0.35\;mg$ of palmitic acid (PA), $0.60{\pm}0.03\;mg$ of palmitoleic acid (PAL), $1.28{\pm}0.11\;mg$ of stearic acid (SA), $9.09{\pm}0.22\;mg$ of oleic acid, $2.50{\pm}0.10\;mg$ of erucic acid (EA), and $4.25{\pm}0.20\;mg$ of lignoceric acid (LCA), where the palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids combined formed about 37% of the total fatty acids. The concentration of total carotenoids was 2.80 mg/g when using 20 g of ammonium sulfate, and consisted of torularhodin (2.70 mg/g) and $\beta$-carotene (0.10 mg/g), at $23^{\circ}C$ and pH 6. However, the highest amount with the maximum specific growth rate was obtained (${\mu}_{max}=0.096\;h^{-1}$) with an ammonium sulfate concentration of 30 g/l.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1801-1809
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• 2015

A phytoene synthase gene, crtB, was isolated from Kocuria gwangalliensis. The crtB with 1,092 bp full-length has a coding sequence of 948 bp and encodes a 316-amino-acids protein. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a 70.9% identity with a putative phytoene synthase from K. rhizophila. An expression plasmid, pCcrtB, containing the crtB gene was constructed, and E. coli cells containing this plasmid produced the recombinant protein of approximately 34kDa , corresponding to the molecular mass of phytoene synthase. Biosynthesis of lycopene was confirmed when the plasmid pCcrtB was co-transformed into E. coli containing pRScrtEI carrying the crtE and crtI genes encoding lycopene biosynthetic pathway enzymes. The results obtained from this study will provide a base of knowledge about the phytoene synthase of K. gwangalliensis and can be applied to the production of carotenoids in a non-carotenoidproducing host.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.292-298
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• 2018

In this study, Ascidian shell pigment was extracted, first using a 100.0 % ethanol solvent, proceeding with the dilution of it with DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The extracted pigment was evaluated to verify the stability. The absorbance of light have been evaluated according to pH levels and using the color-difference meter. As a result, it could be seen that absorbance and chromaticity ${\pm}a$ values were most stable at a pH level of 7.0 By keeping the sample at a pH level of 3.0, it could be observed that the absorbance and the chromaticity ${\pm}a$ values were decreased. Based on this observation, it can be deduced that the discoloration of the pigment can be prevented if kept at a neutral pH level. When antioxidants were added, the absorbance of the pigment increased, and the best effects could be seen in the ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and glutathione samples.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2002

This study was performed to obtain the thermostable $\beta$-glycosidase producing bacteria from hot spring of volcanic area at Atagawa in Japan. KNOUC 202 was selected because it showed thermostable $\beta$-glycosidase activity in sodium phosphate buffer(pH 6.8) at $70^{\circ}C$ for 4h, and it was identified. The strain was aerobic, asporogenic bacilli, immobile, gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase positive, and pigment-producing. Optimum growth was at $70~72^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0~7.2, and it could grow in the presence of 3% NaCl. The main fatty acids in cell were iso-15:0 and iso-l7:0. 16S rRNA sequence of KNOUC 202 showed 99.9% similarity with that of Thermus thermophilus ATCC 27634(HB8). Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, cellular fatty acids profile and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, KNOUC 202 was identified as Thermus thermophilus.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes ($mean{\pm}SD$) were $887.77{\pm}401.35{\mu}g $ retinol equivalents or $531.84{\pm}226.42{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was $175.92{\pm}129.87{\mu}g/day$. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P<0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were $3,828.37{\pm}2,196.29{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-carotene, $472.57{\pm}316.68{\mu}g/day$ ${\alpha}$-carotene, and $412.83{\pm}306.46{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was $1.22{\pm}0.34{\mu}mol/L$. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < $0.70{\mu}mol/L$ indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < $1.05{\mu}mol/L$, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of dietary paprika on the skin coloration of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi, in two age groups: 0-age ($7.4{\pm}0.1$ g/fish) and 1-age ($164{\pm}2.9$ g/fish). Three isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, and 10% paprika (Con, P5 and P10, respectively). Three replicate groups of 0-age fish and two replicate groups of 1-age fish were fed one of the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Survival, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary paprika level (P>0.05) at both fish sizes. The dietary paprika level influenced the redness ($a^*$), lightness ($L^*$), and yellowness ($b^*$) of fish skin. The $L^*$ value of the skin of the fish fed the P5 and P10 diets tended to decrease with feeding period. The skin $a^*$ value of 0-age fish (small) fed the diets containing paprika increased significantly with feeding period and was higher than that of fish fed the control diet after 3 weeks (P<0.05). However, the $a^*$ value of 1-age fish (large) fed the diets containing paprika tended to increase slightly with feeding period. At the end of the experiment, the skin total carotenoid level was increased significantly in fish of both sizes fed the P5 and P10 diets compared to fish fed the control diet. Therefore, 5% paprika powder in the diet increases the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp, especially in small fish.