• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2022

Wildfires, which occur sporadically and irregularly worldwide, are distinct natural disturbances in combustible vegetation areas, important parts of the global carbon cycle, and natural disasters that cause severe public emergencies. While many previous studies have investigated the variability and changes in wildfires globally based on fire emissions, burned areas, and fire weather indices, studies on East Asia are still limited. Here, we explore the characteristics of variability and changes in wildfire danger over East Asia by analyzing the fire weather index for the 40 years-1981-2020. The first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of fire weather index variability represents an increasing trend in wildfire danger over most parts of East Asia over the last 40 years, accounting for 29% of the total variance. The major contributor is an increase in the surface temperature in East Asia associated with global warming and multidecadal ocean variations. The effect of temperature was slightly offset by the increase in soil moisture. The second EOF mode exhibits considerable interannual variability associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, accounting for 17% of the total variance. The increase (decrease) in precipitation in East Asia during El Nino (La Nina) increases (decreases) soil moisture, which in turn reduces (increases) wildfire danger. This dominant soil moisture effect was slightly offset by the temperature increase (decrease) during El Nino (La Nina). Improving the understanding of variability and changes in wildfire danger will have important implications for reducing social, economic, and ecological losses associated with wildfire occurrences.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

The compounds of recycled polyethylene(PE) and fly-ashes were prepared. Polymers used were sorted PE from mixed plastics of household waste and Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE) and Linear Low Density Polyethylene(LLDPE) recycled from the scrap of packaging film plants. Fly-ashes were from the power plant and from the household waste incinerator. The tensile strength of recycled LDPE and LLDPE compounds decreased and the flexural modulus increased with greater amount of the power plant fly-ash. Anthracite fly-ash gave rise to slightly higher tensile and flexural strength of the LLDPE mixtures than bituminous coal fly-ash presumably due to higher content of unburned carbon. The incinerator fly-ash introduced to household waste PE enhanced both tensile strength and flexural modulus of the compounds. When LDPE and household waste PE were used together, the synergistic effect of incinerator fly-ash to household waste PE was offset by reduced crystallization of LDPE due to the filler particle. The compounds of household waste PE and incinerator fly-ash might be applied to structural materials for such as sewage pipe, which reduces the waste treatment cost and conserve the environment and resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.38-45
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• 2001

This study quantified annual $CO_2$, SO$_2$ and NO$_2$ uptake and annual $O_2$ production by trees in Yongin´s urban ecosystem, and explored values of urban tree plantings in atmospheric purification. Woody plant cover was only 7.7% with planting density of 1. trees/100$m^2$, and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Annual per capita pollutant emissions from fossil fuel consumption were 7.3t/yr for $CO_2$, 7.6kg/yr for SO$_2$, and 26.6kg/yr for NO$_{x}$. Carbon dioxide storage per unit urban area by trees was 13.1t/ha and the economic value for $CO_2$ storage was ￦6.6millions/ha. Annual atmospheric purification was 2.0t/ha/yr for $CO_2$ uptake, 2.0kg/ha/yr for SO$_2$ uptake, 4.0kg/ha/yr for NO$_2$ uptake and 1.5t/ha/yr for $O_2$ production, and the annual economic value for the atmospheric purification was ￦1.5millions/ha/yr. Urbantrees stored an amount of $CO_2$ equivalent to about 3.1% of the total annual $CO_2$ emissions, and annually offset total $CO_2$ emissions by 0.5%. Annual SO$_2$ and NO$_2$ uptake by trees equaled 0.5% of total SO$_2$ emissions and 0.3% of total NO$_{x}$ emissions, respectively. Urban trees also played an important role through producing annually 9.2 of the $O_2$ requirement for Yongin´s total population, despite relatively poor tree plantings. Future active plantings and greenspace enlargement in the study city could enhance the role of atmospheric purification by urban trees. The results from this study are expected to be useful in emphasizing environment benefits of urban trees, and in urging the continuous necessity for tree planting and management budget.get.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2009

This was a 2nd-year study aiming at developing the procedure of alternative system that was intended to restore not only biophysically disturbed areas but also psychologically and socially damaged community. It was suggested that this participatory restoration system could be constructed based on integrative categorization processes consisting of damage types and readiness of local residents for participation. Three case study sites-High-One resort, Lafarge-Halla cement, and high-altitude farmland near Gangneung city, were selected to apply the theoretical framework proposed as a result of 1st-year work. In order to develop introductory programs, key concepts such as forest for future, carbon offset forest, and healing forest, have been suggested based on analysis of 6 system components including human resources, communication, legal and institutional support, financial sources, restoration methods, and activity programs for each site. More detailed processes and procedures can be identified, defined, and refined after the end of final, 3rd-stage of the study in April of 2010.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.667-679
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• 2015

The bearer of the power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer for the following reasons. Firstly, power companies are constrained in establishing appropriate strategies to comply with ETS regulations due to the structural differences between the domestic power market and emission trading system. In other words, because power companies do not have a right to determine price and production of electricity, they have to compete with other companies under disadvantaged conditions in the emission trading market. Secondly, because ETS compliance cost is part of power production costs as it is also clearly written in the national greenhouse gas reduction road-map and the second energy supply plan, the cost should be included in power price following the power market operation rule. Thirdly, the most effective method to reduce carbon emissions in power sector is to reduce power demand, which is efficiently achieved through raising power price to a realistic level. Low power price in Korea is the major cause of rising power demand which is also the major cause of rising GHG emission. Therefore, power sector's ETS compliance cost should be included in power price to encourage power consumers' actions on reducing power consumption. Fourthly, when externality cost occurs in the process of delivering public services, usually beneficiary pay principle is applied to identify the cost bearer. Since electricity is one representative public good, the bearer of power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.393-417
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• 2022

Using hourly SMP data from 2016 to 2020, this paper measures the weekly realized volatility and investigates the main force of its determinants. To this end, we extend the Bayesian variable selection by incorporating the regime-switching model which identifies important variables among a large number of predictors by regimes. We find that the increase in coal and nuclear generation, as well as solar power, reinforce the SMP volatility in both high volatility and low volatility regime. In contrast the increase in gas generation and gas price decrease SMP volatility when SMP volatility is high. These results suggest that the expansion of renewable energy according to 2050 Carbon Neutrality or energy transition policies increases SMP volatility but the increase in the gas generation or reduction of coal generation might offset its impact.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2019

Long chain plant waxes (n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, and n-alcohols) and their carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C$) in geologic archives are valuable tools for paleovegetation reconstruction. However, the sensitivity of different plant wax constituents to vegetation shift is not well understood. This study explores controls on the variation in ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of long-chain n-alkanes ($C_{27}$ to $C_{33}$) and n-alkanoic acids ($C_{26}-C_{30}$) in the Gulf of Mexico core sediments (ODP 625B) near the Mississippi River delta. n-Alkanoic acids' ${\delta}^{13}C$ values were higher than those of n-alkanes by 1-2‰ on average and such a pattern is the opposite from their isotope fractionation observed in living plants: 1-2‰ smaller in n-alkanes than n-alkanoic acids. We attribute this offset to contributions from aquatic plants or microbes that produce high concentrations of $^{13}C-enriched$ long-chain n-alkanoic acids. The sensitivity of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids to vegetation and climate varied among chain lengths. The $n-C_{33}$ alkanes were most sensitive to $C_4$ grassland expansion among n-alkane homologues, while no specific trend was observed in n-alkanoic acids. This is due to the similarity in n-alkanoic acid concentrations between $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants by homologues and low terrestrial plant-derived n-alkanoic acid contributions to the sediments. The results of this study suggest that long chain n-alkanoic acids' ${\delta}^{13}C$ values in sediments may be influenced by contributions from different sources such as aquatic plants or microbial inputs and therefore interpretations regarding this matter should be cautiously formulated. We suggest that there is a need for further studies on characterizing long-chain n-alkanoic acids ($C_{26}-C_{34}$) in aquatic plants and microbes from various climates and environments in order to investigate their production and integration into sedimentary archives.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2024

Inland wetlands provide important ecosystem services or functions, including biodiversity conservation, water purification, flood control, and carbon sequestration. However, many inland wetlands are being degraded by urbanization and industrialization, raising the need for conservation and restoration. This study proposes the adoption of No Net Loss(NLL) of Wetland for wetland conservation and restoration in Korea by the review of the literatures. To this end,, we analyzed the wetland conservation and management systems of the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Australia, and identified institutional features and success factors of each country, and sought ways to adapt them to domestic conditions of Korea. The case of the United States highlights the importance of legal frameworks and public-private collaboration, Canada demonstrates systematic management approaches, Germany maintains a balance between development and conservation, Japan underscores the need for cooperative conservation efforts, and Australia emphasizes the efficiency of offset markets. The introduction and operation of these schemes are expected to contribute to climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and water quality improvement, but ongoing research and policy efforts are needed to ensure that the schemes are well established.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.89-114
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• 2012

For as to world, the concern about the environment problem is enhanced than any other time in the past because of being 21 century. And the environment problem is highlighted as the world-wide issue. The time of the environment problem intimidates the alive of the mankind and presence of an earth over the time. It becomes the essentiality not being selection in the personal living or the economical viewpoint now to prepare for the climatic modification. As to the company management, the green growth period which it excludes the environment management considering an environment, cannot carry on the company the continued management comes. That is, in the change center of the management paradigm, there is the environment management. Nearly, the greenhouse gas which the publication industry is the environmental toxic material like all industries is generated. The greenhouse gas is ejected in the process of running the manufacturing process and print shop of the various kinds material used as the raw material of the book. Particularly, the tree felling for getting the material of the paper is known to reach the direct influence on the global warming. This study does according to an object it considers and organizes the environment parameter based on this kind of fact as to the publication industry. And it is determined as the reference which is used as the basic materials preparing the case that carbon exhaust right transaction(CAP and TRADE) drawing are enforced in all industries and is sustainable the management of the publication industry and reduces the environmental risk among the company many risk management elements and plans and enforces the publication related policy that there is a value. In the printing publication industry, this study tried to inquire into elements discharging the environmental pollutant or the greenhouse gas. Additionally, in the printed publication production process, it tried to inquire into the effort for an environment-friendly and necessity at the printing paper and the printers ink, regarded as the element discharging the greenhouse gas all kinds of the printing materials, operation of the print shop and all kinds of the machines and recycle process, and etc. These considerations make these industrial field employees aware of the significance about a conservation and environmental protection. They try to give a help in the subsequent study producing quantitatively each environmental parameter emission of green house gas. This makes the calculation of the relative $CO_2$ output reproached ultimately possible. Meanwhile, in a sense, many research protects and improving an environment in connection with the contents of research at the printing publication industrial field is in progress. There will be the voluntary human face that it has to protect an environment but this can not do by the outside factor according to all kinds of environment related law and regulation. Anyway, because of acting on company management as the factor of oppression, the increase of this environment-related correspondence cost could know that the research that the environment loading relates with a procurement and development, environment management system introduction, quality control standard, including, normalizing including a material, and etc. through the part of the effort to reduce the cost low was actively in progress. As to the green growth era, as follows, this paper prescribed the subject and alternative of the print publication industry. It is surrounded by the firstly new digital environment and the generation of the subject. And secondly the printing industry is caused by the point of time when the green growth leaves by the topic which is largest in the global industry and it increases. The printing publication industry has to prepare the bridgehead for the environment-friendly green growth as the alternative for this resolution with first. The support blown in each industry becomes the obligation not being selection. Prestek in which the print publishing was exposed to spend many energies and which is known as the practice of the sustainable print publishing insisted that it mentioned importance of the green printing through the white pages in 2008 and a company had to be the green growth comprised through the environment-friendly activity. The core management for the sustainable printing publication industry presented from Presstack white pages is compacted to 4 words that it is a remove, reduce, recover, and recycle. Second, positively the digital printing(POD) system should be utilized. In the worldwide print out market, the digital printing area stops at the level of 10% or so but the change over and growth of the market of an analog-to-digital will increase rapidly in the future. As to the CEO Jeff Hayes of the Infoland, the offset print referred to that it of the traditional method got old and infirm with the minor phase of the new printing application like the customer to be wanted publication and the print of the digital method led the market. In conclusion, print publishers have to grasp well the market flow in the situation where a digitalization cannot be generalized and a support cannot avoid. And it keeps pace with the flow of the digital age and the recognition about the effort for the development and environment problem have to be raised. Particularly, the active green strategy is employed for the active green strategy.