• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.285-288
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• 2008

To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.57
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• pp.250-266
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• 2012

In neo-liberalism, the change-value of the market and of the machandise based on the individual as the consumer dominate the public sphere, and the capital power encroach on it. with the technological revolution. At the same time the public sphere as such represent the media sphere, which is more and more subordinate, and have no choice but to do to the governmental authority having political power privatized. The private usage of reason in the public sphere is carried out at the structual level. How can we call such a space in which the private usage of reason is generalized and dominant as the public sphere? And so now, we sound out the possibility of the public sphere such as a new space of the universality where the public usage of reason can be realized without any limits and with free. So, when we imagine the proletarian public sphere, in which co-exist the divers private interests, as a new public sphere capable to be constructed, we can address a question as follow. What is the caracteristic of the proletarian public sphere in modern society?, Is the public community able to be formed and realized in such space? How would have the proletarian public sphere the carateristics of the publis sphere? What is the attribute of the community that the proletarian public sphere would make, and what is its force of emancipation? The power is no longer stable and static. Rather, it is reconstructed and reorganized in the divers phases of the everyday life. It is the reason why we put on the order of the day the proletarian public sphere as alternative public space, which would be a place of divers hegemonic representation. And now, we are aware of the beginning of thses changes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.304-316
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• 2020

Laos is rich in natural resources but lacks the capital to develop them. Partly alleviating the shortage is FDI from neighboring countries, especially Thailand. Not only does this contribute to directly increasing GDP by increasing effective demand, it also has an additional GDP increase effect by expanding Laos' production capacity. Laos' exports mostly consist of mineral resources and electricity. This, too, contributes to an increase in GDP by increasing the effective demand. Thailand accounts for more than 40 percent of Laos' exports. This paper tries to confirm the economic impact on Laos in Thailand through a econometric analysis of Laos' GDP, Laos' exports to Thailand and Thailand's FDI to Laos. It turns out that economic ties with Thailand, including exports to Thailand and Thailand's FDI, play a very important role in Laos' economic growth. Laos recently recorded relatively robust economic growth, but its driving force is weak. That's because Laos' growth engines are very limited and have no resilience to external shocks. Moreover, economic growth has not been linked to an increase in employment because the economy is not diversified and growth in the hydroelectric power sector does not lead to growth in other sectors. Given this, Laos needs to actively take advantage of its geographical proximity to Thailand. It is necessary to create a more active environment for the inflow of FDI in Thailand, to foster resource-based and labor-based manufacturing to take advantage of the Thai market.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.560-569
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• 2015

Crowd funding is the method of raising money for a project, companies from a large group of people via the Internet, in return for future products or equity. Kickstarter is the largest and most successful crowdfunding site where creative projects raise reward based funding. Drawing on dataset of 80,267 projects with combined funding over $1.3b from 8.1m people, this paper suggest that backer select project based on their preference on the project, instead profitability of the project. It suggests that well-established platform and big size of network increases the chance of success of the project due to a ripple effect and blockbuster effects. Clear communication about the project's idea and goal is highly correlated with success. Regular communication on the project site, such as by constant progress updates, helps the success of the project. Equity-based crowdfunding is emerging as an innovative means of raising capital for businesses, so it has been receiving a lot of attention and expectation from the government and the market. The findings of this paper and others will help to get some understanding and insight into equity-based crowdfunding. However, Kickstarter differs from equity-based crowdfunding in the goals of the backers. Kickstarter's backers are not investors, they are contributors. To understand equity-based crowdfunding, the subject will need further study.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.3-27
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• 1992

In 1988, the government provided to the low income people 34.1% of the stocks of Pohang Iron & Steel Company through the People's Share Program of Privatization for the first time, and then in 1989 21% of the share of the Korea Electric Power Corporation were also provided to the low income classes through the same way. The purpose of the People's Share Program was known to be to support the low income classes through participating the profit of public enterprises, and also to expand the capital market through the diversification of stock holding structure. Initially, the government planned that the government share of enterprises such as the Citizens National Bank, the Korea Telecommunication Authority would be sold to the low income classes through the People's Share Program step by step. The income support policy, however, was no longer driven after 1989 when the overall stock prices started to decline. In this paper we tried to measure the effect of the privatization scheme of the public enterprises through the People's Share Program. The problems of the People's Share Program of the Pohang Iron & Steel Commpany and the Korea Electric Power Corperation were also identified. Several implications of the privatization scheme of the public enterprise through the People's Share Program by stages were found. The People's Share Program was found to be a non-stable policy measure for the income support of low income classes. The efficiency impact of the privatization through the People's Share Program was found to be non-significant.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.15
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• pp.109-145
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• 2004

Upcoming 21st century, Management circumstance for a small and medium enterprise have been rapidly changed by Knowledge management, Informationization, Hi-technology. Changing from an era of small concept to strong concept, It will be a severe innovation period and can not survive with life as the same as the past, It is the era of best which mean only the best can survive, None of the average faculty can survive. Due to rapid proceeding of innovation of Informationization, It stimulate acceleration of technology innovation, infinity competition regardless the nation boarder, result in proceeding to Informationization. A small and medium enterprise is defined as smaller size of business than big business as point of capital, employee, output. It is concept, which usually used against concept of big business. When define a small and medium enterprise, criteria to determine a small and medium enterprise is depends on country and a category of business. However, In every country, A small and medium enterprise is getting be bigger and importance factor in whole industry. A small and medium enterprise is well developed and also well balanced with a large enterprise in the developed country. All around in the world, Interest about a small and medium enterprise is becoming higher. It is actively researching into a small and medium enterprise as the mean to create new employment, new industry, as means to from integration of a all and medium enterprise,as source of high competitive power. The status quo of rapid changing into informationization have been realized at considerable level in Korea. Information society is defined as information technology is main key to determine individuals competitiveness, which can solve effectively the side effect result from industrialization. It cleary imply that information technology is the most promising and important industry in 21st century. Therefore, We should seek to foster independent a small and medium enterprise and develop them corresponding to new concept of a small and medium enterprise in 21st century. The main frame of policy should be new economic system, which can contribute establishment of a small and medium enterprise, management innovation. It also attribute a small and medium enterprise to reveal their creative. New economic paradigm in 21st will be expanded with organization, market, technology. So far, a small and medium enterprise has been acknowledge as economic weaker and the one should be protected. However, In 21st century a small and medium enterprise will be considered as active majority or a source of creative. Development of technology to produce a small quantity with variety product and acceleration of knowledge and informationization will result in comparative merits of a small and medium enterprise. Hereby, The role and relative importance of a small and medium enterprise in our economic will getting be larger and It will be developed as the main force to activate the economic. However, Only a small and medium enterprise, which overcome difficulty with active desire and effort to improve their lot can be developed as a competitive enterprise in 21st century in considering themselves to be developed as diversity, active, independent, business by an enterprise.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.95-99
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• 2015

The IRR(internal rate of return) is often used by investors for the evaluation of engineering projects. Unfortunately, it has serial flaws: (1) multiple real-valued IRRs may arise; (2) complex-valued IRRs may arise; (3) the IRR is, in special cases, incompatible with the net present value (NPV) in accept/reject decisions. The efforts of management scientists and economists in providing a reliable project rate of return have generated over the decades an immense amount of contributions aiming to solve these shortcomings. Especially, multiple internal rate of returns (IRRs) have a fatal flaw when we decide to accep it or not. To solve it, some researchers came up with external rate of returns (ERRs) such as ARR (Average Rate of Return) or MIRR (MIRR, Modified Internal Rate of Return). ARR or MIRR. will also always yield the same decision for a engineering project consistent with the NPV criterion. The ERRs are to modify the procedure for computing the rate of return by making explicit and consistent assumptions about the interest rate at which intermediate receipts from projects may be invested. This reinvestment could be either in other projects or in the outside market. However, when we use traditional ERRs, a volume of capital investment is still unclear. Alternatively, the productive rate of return (PRR) can settle these problems. Generally, a rate of return is a profit on an investment over a period of time, expressed as a proportion of the original investment. The time period is typically the life of a project. The PRR is based on the full life of the engineering project. but has been annualised to project one year. And the PRR uses the effective investment instead of the original investment. This method requires that the cash flow of an engineering project must be separated into 'investment' and 'loss' to calculate the PRR value. In this paper, we proposed a tabulated form for easy calculation of the PRR by modifing the profit and loss statement, and the cash flow statement.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.135-154
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to clarify the reason of the change of production-and-marketing system and of the regional division. The data for this study were collected by administering interviews with people engaging in hemp fabric industry: namely, craftsmen and managers in the production and marketing of "hemp fabric" handcraft. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the hemp fabric industry is a main subsidiary business of agriculture in Andong. The process of making hemp fabric heavily depends on manual labor. The process is divided into five stages: namely, cultivating hemp, pre-reeling, reeling, weaving, and colouring. Second, Andong "hemp fabric" handicrafts industry had been continuously growth until the late 1960s. During the period of Japan colonization, it was under boom condition: while the other traditional fabric industries were declined. In the 1970s, the decrease of the demand of hemp fabric was the result of mass production of substitute goods on factory system: while, in the 1980s, the growth of per capital income play an important role in bringing about the increased demand of hemp fabric. Third, in the 1980s. production-and-marketing system was changed as the result of the effort to improve the quality and the process, the advanced age of craftsmen, and the weak function of existing marketing systems. The social division of labor within the district is well developed between cultivating hemp, reeling and weaving. The social division of labor is also found in the partly process of handcratfs, and between the production and marketing. The social division of labor between production and marketing is not strongly developed to establish a reliable enterprise that develops a new product and opens a new market. Fourth, the spatial boundary of the production of hemp fabric handcrafts becomes limited into a special region based on the regional specialization of hemp cultivating and the differentiation of utilization of labor.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.72-81
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• 2020

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are designed to promote human and social development and address challenges related to sustainable economic development, in addition to creating quality employment. SDGs create new market and business opportunities that enable companies to effect business changes through innovative solutions. To tackle structural problems and create infrastructure for future societies, a national-level digital transformation strategy is being developed in Korea. The Korean government announced an investment plan for living social overhead capital (SOC) to address various social and structural problems caused by low economic growth. This study emphasizes the importance of building SOCs in accordance with the requirements of future societies. This study primarily aims to suggest business opportunities created by achieving SDGs, by analyzing business cases involving 3D printing-based construction. Implementing living SOCs through ingenious thinking will not only create new businesses and jobs through digital transformation, but also improve the economic and social value by encouraging community members to be proud of their future society.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-43
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• 2018

The digital revolution has brought about both positive expectations and negative concerns. Many experts predict that the current technological revolution, so-called "Fourth Industrial Revolution", which is expected to increase productivity in a disruptive way, has significant implications on employment and the labor market. In subsequence, the possible demise of the traditional employment system could markedly undermine the comtemporary welfare state. As a result, basic income has emerged as an alternative. However, little welfare state research has conducted the systematic review on the impact of the present technological revolution on employment and welfare states. In this paper, we will start to review the gist of the digital revolution and critically review recent studies on its effects on employment and welfare states together with actual case studies. In particular, we will investigate the experiences of platform economies of Uber and Amazon Mechanical Turk, and the German experience from 'Work 4.0'. Finally, we will discuss key issues of future welfare state reforms. This research argues that the effects of the technological revolution on employment and welfare state policies would be enormous, but they will be most likely to be mediated by domestic political and policy institutions. It emphasizes the importance of high-quality social investment that would enable individuals to flexibly adapt technological changes and support creative human capital resource. But, high-quality social investment could not be sustained without the decent social protection system that universally provides security to people.