• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 2013

Research work on removal of fluoride from water, referred to as water defluoridation, has resulted into the development of a number of technologies over the years but they suffer from either cost or efficiency drawbacks. In this work, enhancement effects of phosphate and silicate on defluoridation of water by low-cost Plaster of Paris (calcined gypsum) were studied. To our knowledge, the influence of silicate on defluoridation was not reported. It was claimed, that the presence of some ions in the treated water samples, was decreasing the fluoride removal since these ions compete the fluoride ions on occupying the available adsorption sites, however, phosphate and silicate ions, from its sodium slats, have enhanced the fluoride % removal, hence, precipitation of calcium-fluoro compounds of these ions can be suggested. Percentage removal of $F^-$ by neat Plaster is 48%, the electrical conductance (EC) curve shows the typical curve of Plaster setting which begins at 20 min and finished at 30 min. The addition of phosphate and silicate ions enhances the removal of fluoride to high extent > 90%. Thermodynamics parameters showed spontaneous fluoride removal by neat Plaster and Plaster-silicate system. The percentage removal with time showed second-order reaction kinetics.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.295-307
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• 2016

The present research work reports a low temperature ($40^{\circ}C$) chemical precipitation technique for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles of spherical morphology through a simple reaction of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate at pH 11. The crystallinity of the single-phase nanoparticles could be improved by calcinating at $600^{\circ}C$ in air. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) revealed the synthesized HAp is stable up to $1200^{\circ}C$. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with average size of $23.15{\pm}2.56nm$ and Ca/P ratio of 1.70. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm of the nanoparticles revealed their porous structure with average pore size of about 24.47 nm and average surface area of $78.4m2g^{-1}$. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the formation of P-O, OH, C-O chemical bonds. Cytotoxicity and MTT assay on MG63 osteogenic cell lines revealed nontoxic bioactive nature of the synthesized HAp nanoparticles.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2023

In previous studies, solely ferric (Fe³⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ions were commonly used for removal of PO₄-P (considered as T-P in this study) in wastewater via chemical precipitation. Herein, the removal of total phosphorus (T-P) in wastewater was performed using various mineral and lime dissolved solutions. The dissolution kinetics of different minerals (feldspar, olivine, elvan, illite, sericite, and zeolite) and lime was compared and used their solutions for T-P removal of real wastewater. The highest T-P removal (almost 90%) was obtained by the lime dissolved solution and followed by zeolite, illite, feldspar, and others. We observed a significant co-relationship (R of 0.96) between the amount of initial Ca²⁺ and T-P removal. This was induced by formation of hydroxyapatite-like mineral via Ca-P precipitation reaction at high pH solution. Furthermore, additional removal of suspended solid (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was achieved by only lime dissolved solution. Finally, the lime-feldspar dissolved solutions were prepared at different ratios (10-50%), which showed a successive T-P removal up to two times by samples of 40 and 50%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.95-108
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• 2023

Soft soil ground is a crucial factor limiting the development of the construction of transportation infrastructure in coastal areas. Soft soil is characterized by low strength, low permeability and high compressibility. However, the ordinary treatment method uses Portland cement to solidify the soft soil, which has low early strength and requires a long curing time. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an emerging method to address geo-environmental problems associated with geotechnical materials. In this study, a method of bio-cementitious mortars consisting of MICP and cement was proposed to stabilize the soft soil. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on MICP-treated and cement-MICP-treated (C-MICP-treated) soft soils to improve mechanical properties. Microscale observations were also undertaken to reveal the underlying mechanism of cement-soil treated by MICP. The results showed that cohesion and internal friction angles of MICP-treated soft soil were greater than those of remolded soft soil. The UCS, elastic modulus and toughness of C-MICP-treated soft soil with high moisture content (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%) were improved compared to traditional cement-soil. A remarkable difference was observed that the MICP process mainly played a role in the early curing stage (i.e., within 14 days) while cement hydration continued during the whole process. Micro-characterization revealed that the calcium carbonate filling the pores enhanced the soft soil.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2022

Bio-CaCO₃ is a blowout environment-friendly materials for soil improvement and sealing of rock fissures. To evaluate the chemical characteristics, shape, size and productivity of soybean urease induced CaCO₃ precipitates (SUICP), experimental studies were conducted via EDS, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, BET, and SEM. Also, the conversion rate of SUICP reaction at different time were determined and analyzed. The Bio-CaCO₃ product obtained by SUICP is comprehensively judged as calcite based on the results of EDS, XRD and FT-IR. The SUICP calcite precipitates are detected as spherical or ellipsoidal particles 3-6 ㎛ in diameter with nanoscale pores on their surface, and this morphology is novel. The median secondary particle size d₅₀ is 39-88 ㎛, indicating the agglomeration of the primary calcite particles. The Bio-calcite decomposes at 650-780℃, representing a medium thermal stability. The conversion rate of SUICP reaction can reach 80% in 24h, which is much more efficient than microbially induced CaCO₃ precipitation. These results reveal the knowledges of SUICP, and further direct its engineering applications. Moreover, we show an economic channel to obtain porous spherical calcite.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.907-912
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• 2008

본 연구는 지표수나 호소수 등에서 유기 및 무기오염물질의 저감을 위해 반응매질로서 사용되는 black shale 및 영가철의 수중의 무기인산염을 흡착제거하는 데 있어서의 정량적 특성을 알아보았다. 무기인산염의 회분식 흡착실험에는 갯벌에서 마련한 퇴적토, black shale, 영가철이 흡착제로 사용되었으며 인산염의 흡착에 미치는 영향을 공존 칼슘이온의 농도를 0, 1, 5 mM로 변화시켜 실험하였다. 칼슘이온의 공존과 함께 세 흡착제에 대한 인산염 농도감소를 빠른 흡착계수(k$_f$), 느린 흡착계수(k$_s$)과 침전계수(k$_p$)로 구성된 kinetic model을 이용하여 해석하였다. 등온흡착의 결과는 Langmuir와 Freundlich 모델을 적용하였으며 퇴적토, black shale, 영가철에 대한 Freundlich 모델의 K$_f$값은 각각 1.141, 7.721, 그리고 4.873였다. 공존하는 칼슘이온과의 침전가능성으로 인하여 kinetic model에서는 칼슘농도와 침전제거간의 상관관계가 있었으나 등온흡착식에서 인산염의 최대흡착량에는 칼슘농도가 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.661-669
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• 2000

본 연구는 6개 관종으로 구성된 모의순환관로시스템에서 정수의 부식성을 조절하여 관로내의 부식을 저감시킬 목적으로 pH 및 알칼리도 조절 수질제어시스템을 운전하여 관로의 금속용출 저감 및 부식성 지수의 변화를 파악하고, 수질제어에 따른 다른 수질인자들 즉, 미생물, 잔류염소농도, 그리고 소독부산물(THMs) 및 이온류 등의 농도 변화를 평가하고자 하였다. 실험결과, pH 및 알칼리도 조절을 통한 수질제어시스템은 부식성 지수의 변화와 함께 금속의 용출율이 감소하였으며, 소독부산물(THMs)의 형성 및 미생물의 재성장에도 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 수질제어에 따라 관 표면에 형성된 탄산칼슘 피막은 부식저감과 함께 관로내 수질의 안정화를 가져오는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 pH 및 알칼리도 동시 조절을 통한 부식성 수질 제어시스템은 고형물의 침전 및 용출에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 pH 및 TIC 등 수질인자들을 안정화시켜 전체적인 수돗물의 수질관리에 매우 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 1993

From March 1990 to August 1991, every each 5mm bulk precipitation samples were collected at one residental area in Taejon City to investigate chemical characteristics of acid rain. Major ion concentrations of rain samples $(pH, SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, CL^-, NH_4^+, Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+})$ were analysed and compared with the concentration of air pollutants (T. S. P, $SO_2, NO_x$) that were measured by Ministry of Environment. The results of statistical analysis are as followings. Rain pH was relatively high on October and January and relatively low on August, November and February. Major anion is sulfate, and it's concentration is 2.36 times higher than nitrate's, and major cations are ammonium, sodium and calcium ion. Monthly variation of sulfate and calcium concentrations are higher than the others. Ion concentration and rain pH were correlated negatively with rainfall amount. Major ions in rain samples were $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, NH_4^+, Ca^{2+}$ and regression equations are proposed by multiple regression of measured data. Also, regression equation between air pollutants(T. S. P, $SO_2$) and $SO_4^{2-}, Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+} ions in rain samples were made. From this wer can predict rain pH.

• 생약학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.181-190
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• 1985

To determine contents of inorganic elements of Ganoderma lucidum, the horn-shaped carpophores and the pileus of Ganoderma lucidum were incinerated and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. The ash contents of the pileus and the horn-shaped carpophore were 1.48% and 1.40%, respectively. The pileus contained calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, iron, zinc and germanium in that order. The horn-shaped carpophore contained magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, copper and germanium in that order. To examine the protein-bound polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum for immunopotentiating activity, its fruit bodies were extracted with hot water. Purification of the extract was carried out by acetone precipitation and dialysis. The fraction obtained during the purification procedure consisted of a polysaccharide moiety (51%) and a protein moiety (5%). When the compound was administered intraperitoneally to the mice at a dose of 50mg/kg, it enhanced the accumulation of the peritoneal exudate cells, macrophage and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, thereby indicating immunopotentiation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.437-441
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• 2000

A study on the removal of Pb ion from Pb-contaminated soil was carried out using ex-site extraction process. Tartaric acid (TA) and iminodiacetic acid sodium salt(IDA) as a washing agent were evaluated as a function of concentration reaction time mixing ratio of washing agent and recycling of washing agent. TA showed a better extraction performance than IDA. The optimum washing condition of TA and IDA were in the ratio of 1:15 and 1:20 between soil and acid solution during 1 hr reaction. The total concentrations of Pb ion by TA and IDA at three repeated extraction were 368.8 ppm and 267.5 ppm respectively. The recovery of Pb ion from washing solution was achieved by adding calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfide form the precipitation of lead hydroxide and lead sulfide and optimum amounts of sodium sulfide and calcium hydroxide were 7 g/$\ell$ for the TA washing solution and 4 g/$\ell$, 5g/$\ell$ for the IDA washing solution respectively. The efficiency of recycle for TA and IDA washing solution were 78.8% , 95.1%, and 89.2%, 96.6% at third extractions under $Na_2S$ and $Ca(OH)_2$, respectively.