• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2002

Experimental animals were divided into 5 groups; normal, cadmium control, and 3 experimental groups. Cadmium control and experimental groups were exposed to 1 mg/㎥ of cadmium aerosol in air by inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks. Dosages of 20, 40, and 80mg/kg of extracts of persimmon leaves were intraperitoneally injected to experimental groups respectively and several toxicological parameters and induction of metallothionein were measured from the rats that inhaled cadmium aerosol in air. The results of this study were as follows. Cadmium concentration that cadmium control and experimental groups were inhaled was 0.980±0.061 mg/㎥. Mass median diameter of cadmium aerosol for inhalation exposure was 4.93±0.483㎛. Cadmium content of normal group in lung was 0.088㎍/g and the highest cadmium content in lung, 55.492㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Cadmium concentration of normal group in blood was 0.348㎍/100㎖ and the highest cadmium concentration in blood, 2.642㎍/100㎖ was from cadmium control. Cadmium concentration of normal group in liver was 0.010㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in liver, 31.100㎍/g was from 20mg/kg dose group. Cadmium concentration of normal group in kidney was 0.030㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in kidney, 2.526㎍/g was from cadmium control. Cadmium concentration of normal group in intestine was O.064㎍/g and the highest cadmium concentration in intestine, 0.300㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. The highest cadmium concentration in urine by week was 6.080㎍/day from 20mg/kg dose group in the fouth week and the highest cadmium concentration in feces by week was 341.731㎍/day from 20mg/kg dose group in the fouth week. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in lung was 5.769㎍/g and the highest in lung, 30.986㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in liver was 38.856㎍/g and the highest in liver, 169.378㎍/g was from 40mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in kidney was 22.228㎍/g and the highest in kidney, 47.898㎍/g was from 80mg/kg dose group. Metallothionein concentration of normal group in intestine was 2.170㎍/g and the highest in intestine, 13.642㎍/g was from 80mg dose group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.644-650
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• 2016

In soil-to-plant transfer of heavy metals, the amount absorbed and accumulated varies depending on the environment conditions. The absorption rate of cadmium (Cd) in plants differs considerably depending on the bioavailability of Cd in the soil, while usage by various organic matters is also reported to affect absorption patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the difference in the transfer of essential metal ions and Cd to various plant parts when rice straw compost was used to cultivate soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Daepung). In the two-leaf stage of soybean cultivated in a greenhouse, Cd was mixed in the soil, after which the Cd and essential metal ions contents, and physiological changes of soybean seedlings were studied on the 15th and 25th day. The Cd toxicity in the plant was reduced with the use of rice straw compost. Further, the Cd content varied with the plant part, and was higher in young leaves (3rd and 4th leaf) than in the stem. When analyzed by leaf age, the Cd transfer was highest in young leaves (3rd and 4th leaf), followed by mature leaves (1st and 2nd leaf). While there was no significant difference between plant tissues in the absorption rate of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) when rice straw compost was used against Cd toxicity, the absorption rate of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) showed a significant decline in both the control and rice straw compost treatment conditions, as well as a significant difference between leaf ages. Therefore, these results confirm that the use of rice straw compost against Cd toxicity is effective, and implies that the rate of Cd transfer in the soybean plant varies significantly with leaf age.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.556-562
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• 2017

Heavy metals in water systems are being managed on the concentration-based guidelines in Korea. However, various chemicals present in water can interact with heavy metals affecting their toxicity. Such interactions are not considered in the concentration-based guidelines. This study investigated the effect of hardness and coexisting heavy metals on heavy metal toxicity to emphasize the importance of having the effect-based guidelines together with the concentration-based guidelines in water management. The toxic effects of Cd, Zn, or mixtures of Cd and Zn were studied with Daphnia magna as a test species following the standard test method at different hardness conditions (100, 200, and $300mg\;L^{-1}$ as $CaCO_3$). The toxicities of single metal solutions and mixtures showed a decreasing trend with increasing hardness, and this can be attributed to the competition between heavy metals and cations such as calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$) that cause hardness. The predicted toxicities of the heavy metal mixtures from the single metal toxicity deviated from the measured toxicities, and the predicted toxic effects tend to be greater than the measured toxic effects suggesting that Cd and Zn are in competition. This shows the limitations of using predicted toxic effects and the needs for further studies on mixture toxicities. Overall, this study shows that the management of heavy metals in waters needs to employ the effect-based guidelines together with the concentration-based guidelines.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2011

Cadmium is considered one of the most toxic, non biodegradable heavy metal for the human and animals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in biochemical parameters of blood and accumulation of cadmium in various tissue caused by various levels of dietary cadmium chloride ($CdCl_2$) in broiler chicks. $CdCl_2$ was administered through drinking water to broiler chicks. In spectral analysis, $CdCl_2$ treatment caused a significant increase in Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine and uric acid levels in all treated groups. Intriguingly, the GPT, creatinine, and uric acid levels were significantly higher at 75 mg/kg as compared to the groups treated with high doses (100, 125 and 150 mg/kg) of $CdCl_2$. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for the determination of Cd accumulation in kidney, liver and Breast muscles. AAS analysis revealed that Cd accumulation is increased in breast muscles as compared to liver and kidney at higher doses of Cd than 75 mg/kg.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2009

Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Information regarding molecular responses to metal exposure is sorely needed in order to identify potential biomarkers. To determine the effects of heavy metals on chironomids, the full-length cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) from Chironomus riparius was determined through molecular cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of ADH3 was analyzed under various cadmium and copper concentrations. A comparative and phylogenetic study among different orders of insects and vertebrates was carried out through analysis of sequence databases. The complete cDNA sequence of the ADH3 gene was 1134 bp in length. The sequence of C. riparius ADH3 shows a low degree of amino acid identity (around 70%) with homologous sequences in other insects. After exposure of C. riparius to various concentrations of copper, ADH3 gene expression significantly decreased within 1 hour. The ADH3 gene expression was also suppressed in C. riparius after cadmium exposure for 24 hour. However, the effect of cadmium on ADH3 gene expression was transient in C. riparius. The results show that the suppression of ADH3 gene by copper exposure could be used as a possible biomarker in aquatic environmental monitoring and imply differential toxicity to copper and cadmium in C. riparius larvae.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.577-585
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• 1998

Cadmium is an important industrial and environmental pollutant and has adverse effects on cell growth and metabolism, although the mechanisms of its cellular toxicity are still unclear. This study was performed to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of cadmium in the viewpoint of oxidative stress and cytoskeleton alterations in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ $CdCl_2$ caused a severe disassembling of microtubule and micro filament and an apparent cell retraction under an observation with fluorescence micoscope. (equation omitted)-tubulin and F-actin protein were highly thiolated at 20 min and then disappeared from 1 hour after the treatment of 200 $\mu$M CdCl$_2$in the immunoblot analysis. Intracellular GSH was decreased from 1hr to 24 hrs by 66.6 or 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ of $CdCl_2$. Intracellular protein thiol was also decreased by 22.2, 66.6 and 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ of $CdCl_2$ at 1 hour after its treatment. The product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was increased from 4 hrs by 66.6 and 200$\mu\textrm{M}$ of $CdCl_2$. These data indicate that cadmium induces oxidative stress involving disassembling of microtubule and micro filament, thiolation of (equation omitted)-tubulin and actin protein, depletion of GSH and protein thiol, and increase of lipid peroxidation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2006

Objectives: The extent of bone formation that occurs at the interface of metallic implants and bone is determined by the number and activity of osteoblastic cells. Stress proteins may be contributing determinants of cell viability in altered environments. Hsp27 is a small Mr hsp which is known as a molecular chaperone. Methods: To better understand how heat shock protein 27 contributes to endosseous implant - associated metal ions affects on osteoblastic cell viability, the effect of chromium and titanium ions were compared to effects of cadmium ions in the ROS17/2.8 osteoblastic cell line. Results: ROS17/2.8 osteoblastic cell line demonstrated ion - specific reductions in growth; reductions were significantly greater for cadmium than for chromium or titanium. Chromium impaired growth of cultures without altering cell viability measured using the MTT assay. A stable transformed cell line expressing additional hsp27(clone "A7") was resistant to the toxic effects of titanium and partially protected from cadmium toxicity. Conclusions: A role for hsp27 in protection of osteoblastic cells from metal ion toxicity is supported by the chromium - induced elevations in hsp27 abundance and the behavior of the A7 cell line in response to metal ions in culture. Similar biochemical responses to altered cellular environments may contribute to the fate of tissues adjacent to select metallic implants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.161-168
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• 2008

The effects tea beverages (TBs) prepared from powdered green tea (Gt), oolong tea (Ot), black tea (Bt), or pure tea (Pt) with lemon, orange, grenadine etc on cadmium toxicity in rats were investigated Sensory evaluations of the TBs are better than those of each water extracted teas. Cadmium (50 ppm) was administered to experimental rats fed a basic diet, or a diet with various TBs (15% w/v), for 5 weeks. Although body weight gains, feed intakes, and fecal weights in all Cd-treated groups were lower than those in the normal control group (NC), feed efficiency ratio, urine volumes, liver weights, and kidney weights did not differ significantly between groups. The serum ALT and AST levels in the Cd-treated control group (Cd-Co) were higher than those in the NC animals. Serum ALT and AST levels in all Cd-treated rats fed TB-supplemented diets were lower than in animals of the Cd-Co group. Tibia and femur weights in Cd-Co animals were lower than those in NC rats. Tibia and femur weights in Cd-treated rats fed TB-supplemented diets were higher than those in Cd-Co animals. There were no between-group differences in tibia lengths; animals in the NC and TB-supplemented diet groups showed femur lengths longer than those of Cd-Co rats. Although the contents of crude ash and cadmium in the femurs of Cd-Co mts was markedly higher than in the femurs of NC animals, the cadmium content in femurs of Cd-Co rats was significantly lower than that in the femurs of NC animals. The changes in mineral levels caused by Cd administration were alleviated by every TB-supplemented diet tested Whereas fecal calcium excretion by Cd-Co animals was significantly higher than that of NC rats, calcium excretion by Cd-treated rats fed TB-supplemented diets was significantly lower than that of Cd-Co animals. Fecal cadmium excretion by all Cd-treated rats fed TB-supplemented diets was significantly higher than that of Cd-Co animals. In conclusion, this study provides experimental evidence that various TBs may regulate cadmium-induced organ toxicity by reducing cadmium accumulation in tissues through the mechanism of increasing the fecal excretion of cadmium.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.361-376
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• 2002

This research was conducted to determine the effects of chitosanoligosaccharide on liver poisoning induced by cadmium (Cd). Three groups of mice were used in this research. The group was only injected with cadmium (5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) (group Cd) and the other group was injected with cadmium and chitosanoligosaccharide (0.5% solution) at the same time (group Cd+Chi). In order to investigate the inhibitory action of chitosanoligosaccharide on liver damage, cadmium concentration in liver tissues and metallothionein (MT) concentration were relatively measured. In addition, histological observations were made to determine the morphologic injury of liver tissues. Cadmium concentration in liver tissues was drastically lower in groups Cd+Chi than in group Cd. MT concentration in liver tissues was lower in group Cd than in groups Cd+Chi. As the result of electron microscopic observation, mitochondria in group Cd showed a severe swelling phenomenon, RER fragment and ribosome dropout. However, in groups Cd+Chi, mitochondria with high electron density were distributed and RER forming a typical lamellae with ribosome was observed. From these results, cadmium toxicity on rat liver tissues could be lessened by chitosanoligosaccharide.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4283-4287
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• 2013

Background: In this meta-analysis we review evidence suggesting that exposure to cadmium is a cause of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted Medline/PubMed and Scopus searches using selected MeSH keywords to identify papers published from January 1, 1980 through January 1, 2013. Data were merged and summary mean differences were estimated using either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model. Results: There were 13 studies including 978 exposed cases and 1,279 controls. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups, and the summary estimate of mean difference was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.33-1.08). However, stratification showed that there were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups among Asian compared with Caucasian population, and the summary estimates of mean difference were 1.45 (95%CI: 0.62-2.28) vs. 0.25 (95%CI: -0.09-0.6), respectively. There was a difference in the frequencies of breast cancer between cadmium-exposed and control groups in peripheral venous blood sampling methods, and the summary estimate of mean difference was 1.41 (95%CI: 0.46-2.37). Conclusions: Data indicate that the frequencies of breast cancer might be an indicator of early genetic effects for cadmium-exposed populations. However, our meta-analysis was performed on population-based studies; meta-analysis based on individual data might provide more precise and reliable results. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an international database on genetic damage among populations exposed to cadmium that may contain all raw data of studies examining genetic toxicity.