Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회지)

Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Water Hardness on Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc

수계 내 경도가 Cd와 Zn 독성에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2017.04.11
  • Accepted : 2017.08.07
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Heavy metals in water systems are being managed on the concentration-based guidelines in Korea. However, various chemicals present in water can interact with heavy metals affecting their toxicity. Such interactions are not considered in the concentration-based guidelines. This study investigated the effect of hardness and coexisting heavy metals on heavy metal toxicity to emphasize the importance of having the effect-based guidelines together with the concentration-based guidelines in water management. The toxic effects of Cd, Zn, or mixtures of Cd and Zn were studied with Daphnia magna as a test species following the standard test method at different hardness conditions (100, 200, and $300mg\;L^{-1}$ as $CaCO_3$). The toxicities of single metal solutions and mixtures showed a decreasing trend with increasing hardness, and this can be attributed to the competition between heavy metals and cations such as calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$) that cause hardness. The predicted toxicities of the heavy metal mixtures from the single metal toxicity deviated from the measured toxicities, and the predicted toxic effects tend to be greater than the measured toxic effects suggesting that Cd and Zn are in competition. This shows the limitations of using predicted toxic effects and the needs for further studies on mixture toxicities. Overall, this study shows that the management of heavy metals in waters needs to employ the effect-based guidelines together with the concentration-based guidelines.

Keywords

References

  1. Baker, J. A., Gilron, G., Chalmers, B. A., and Elphick, J. R. (2017). Evaluation of the Effect of Water Type on the Toxicity of Nitrate to Aquatic Organisms, Chemosphere, 168, 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.059
  2. Carroll, J. J., Ellis, S. J., and Oliver, W. S. (1979). Influence of Hardness Constituents on the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 22(1), 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02026990
  3. Clesceri, L. S., Greenberg, A. E., and Eaton, A. E. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition., American Public Health Association.
  4. Clifford, M. and McGeer, J. C. (2009). Development of a Biotic Ligand Model for the Acute Toxicity of Zinc to Daphnia pulex in Soft Waters, Aquatic Toxicology, 91(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.016
  5. Di Toro, D. M., Allen, H. E., Bergman, H. L., Meyer, J. S., Paquin, P. R., and Santore, R. C. (2001). Biotic Ligand Model of the Acute Toxicity of Metals. 1. Technical Basis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(10), 2383-2396. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620201034
  6. Franklin, N. M., Stauver, J. L., Lim, R. P., and Petocz, P. (2002). Toxicity of Metal Mixtures to a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp): The Effect of Interactions between Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on Metal Cell Binding and Uptake, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 21(11), 2412-2422. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620211121
  7. Komjarova, I. and Blust, R. (2008). Multi-metal Interactions between Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Water Flea Daphnia magna, a Stable Isotope Experiment, Aquatic Toxicology, 90(2), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.007
  8. Markich, S. J., King, A. R., and Wilson, S. P. (2006). Noneffect of Water Hardness on the Accumulation and Toxicity of Copper in a Freshwater Macrophyte (Ceratophyllum demersum): How Useful are Hardness-modified Copper Guidelines for Protecting Freshwater Biota?, Chemosphere, 65(10), 1791-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.024
  9. Martins, R. J. E., Pardo, R., and Boaventura, R. A. R. (2004). Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) Adsorption by the Aquatic Moss Fontinalis antipyretica: Effect of Temperature, pH and Water Hardness, Water Research, 38(3), 693-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.013
  10. Mebane, C. A., Dilon, F. S., and Hennessy, D. P. (2012). Acute Toxicity of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, and Their Mixtures to Stream-resident Fish and Invertebrates, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31(6), 1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1820
  11. Meyer, J. S., Ranville, J. F., Pontasch, M., Gorsuch, J. W., and Adams, W. J. (2015). Acute Toxicity of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Cd, Cu, and Zn to Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(4), 799-808. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2787
  12. Ministry of Environment (MOE). (2017). Act on Environmental Testing and Inspection Article 6 Official Test Methods for Water Quality. Acute Toxicity Test Method [ES 04704.1a]. [Korean Literature]
  13. Muyssen, B. T. A., De Schamphelaere, K. A. C., and Janssen, C. R. (2006). Mechanisms of Chronic Waterborne Zn Toxicity in Daphnia magna, Aquatic Toxicology, 77(4), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.006
  14. Pascoe, D., Evans, S. A., and Woodworth, J. (1986). Heavy Metal Toxicity to Fish and the Influence of Water Hardness, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 15(5), 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056559
  15. Perez, E., and Hoang, T. C. (2017). Chronic Toxicity of Binary-metal Mixtures of Cadmium and Zinc to Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Article in press, DOI: 10.1002/etc.3830.
  16. Ra, J. S., Kim, K. T., Kim, S. D., Han, S. G., Chang, N. I. ,and Kim, Y. S. (2005). Mixture Toxicity Test of Ten Major Chemicals using Daphnia magna by Response Curve Method, Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, 27(1), 67-74. [Korean Literature]
  17. Saglam, D., Atli, G., and Canli, M. (2013). Investigations on the Osmoregulation of Freshwater Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) following Exposures to Metals (Cd, Cu) in Differing Hardness, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 92, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.020
  18. Van Ginneken, M., De Jonge, M., Bervoets, L., and Blust, R. (2015). Uptake and Toxicity of Cd, Cu and Pb Mixtures in the Isopod Asellus aquaticus from Waterborne Exposure, Science of The Total Environment 537, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.153
  19. Varanasi, U. and Gmur, D. J. (1978). Influence of Water-borne and Dietary Calcium on Uptake and Retention of Lead by Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 46(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(78)90137-0
  20. Vijver, M. G., Elliott, E. G., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., and de Snoo, G. R. (2011). Response Predictions for Organisms Waterexposed to Metal Mixtures: A Meta-analysis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30(6), 1482-1487. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.499
  21. Yim, J. H., Kim, K. W., and Kim, S. D. (2006). Effect of Hardness on Acute Toxicity of Metal Mixtures using Daphnia magna: Prediction of Acid Mine Drainage Toxicity, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.107