• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2016

Objectives To investigate correlation between slip percentage (SP) of spondylolisthesis and cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumbar paraspinal muscles; psoas major (PM), multifidus (MU) and erector spinae (ES). Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 120 spondylolisthesis patients who had visited the Spine center of Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong and had taken lumbar MRI. CSA of lumbar paraspinal muscles was measured from axial T2-weighted MRI and divided by CSA of vertebral body to avoid weight's influence. SP was also measured from sagittal MRI. Results SP increase has significant correlation with decreased CSA-MU (r=0.37, p<0.01) and increased CSA-ES (r=0.19, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between SP and CSA-PM. Conclusions MU atrophy and ES hypertrophy have significant correlation with SP of spondylolisthesis. CSA of lumbar paraspinal muscles can be a risk factor of progression of spondylolisthesis and compensation for the instability.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2019

Calcium sulfaluminate (CSA) was synthesized to improve the shrinkage of OPC. In this study, the setting time, the compressive strength and the length change ratio were confirmed by replacing the synthesized CSA with OPC by 10% and 13% by 16%. In the case of shrinkage-reducing type cement, formation of Ca-Al-$H_2$-based hydrate was activated. Therefore, the setting time was shortened. The compressive strength of the shrinkage - reducing type cement is comparable to that of OPC after 7 days' strength. However, shrinkage reducing type cement showed improved initial strength compared to OPC. The length change ratio was found to be improved by drying shrinkage from -0.075% to -0.047% on the 28th day.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2019

The purposes of this study is to secure subsidence stability and economical efficiency of lightweight foamed concrete. The composition of lightweight foamed concrete was designed for OPC by substituting with constant contents of calcium sulfaluminate and fly ash. It is found that the flow of lightweight foamed concrete decreased with early ettringite formation by CSA. The initial strength increased with the decrease of drying time of lightweight foamed concrete when CSA was substitution to 10%. The settlement deep of foamed concrete improved the settlement stability by replacing CSA, which prevented shortening of the coagulation time and bubble puffing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.49-57
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• 2000

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 1996

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 2001

Effects of incubation temperature and pH on chlamydospore germination of Cylindrocarpon destrcutans (isolate CY-9802) causing root rot of Panax ginseng were studied. Germination rate of the chlamydospores on Czapek solution agar(CSA) was higher than on potato dextrose agar(PDA) at the incubation temperatures tested. The chlamydospores were able to be germinated at range of 5$\^{C}$ to 30$\^{C}$ after 48 hours incubation on CSA. Germination rate was 53.2∼6.27% at range of 15$\^{C}$ to 25$\^{C}$, and the optimum temperature was 20$\^{C}$, whereas they were very low at 30$\^{C}$ on PDA. Germination rate was 43.6% to 47.9% at range of 10$\^{C}$ to 20$\^{C}$, and the optimum temperature was 20$\^{C}$ as well. They were able to be germinated at pH of 5.2 to 8.1 on CSA and 5.2 to 7.2 on PDA. Optimum pHs for the germination on CSA and PDA were from 6.4 to 8.2 and from 5.2 to 6.0, respectively. Mycelial color of the fungus on CSA was pale brown at pH from 5.2 to 6.0 and white from pH 6.4 to 8.1, while it was typical dark brown ar range of pH 5.2 to 7.1 and brown at pH 7.2 on PDA after 21 days incubation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.94-104
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a new architecture of multiplier-and-accumulator (MAC) for high speed multiplication and accumulation arithmetic. By combining multiplication with accumulation and devising a hybrid type of carry save adder (CSA), the performance was improved. Since the accumulator which has the largest delay in MAC was removed and its function was included into CSA, the overall performance becomes to be elevated. The proposed CSA tree uses 1's complement-based radix-2 modified booth algorithm (MBA) and has the modified array for the sign extension in order to increase the bit density of operands. The CSA propagates the carries by the least significant bits of the partial products and generates the least significant bits in advance for decreasing the number of the input bits of the final adder. Also, the proposed MAC accumulates the intermediate results in the type of sum and carry bits not the output of the final adder for improving the performance by optimizing the efficiency of pipeline scheme. The proposed architecture was synthesized with $250{\mu}m,\;180{\mu}m,\;130{\mu}m$ and 90nm standard CMOS library after designing it. We analyzed the results such as hardware resource, delay, and pipeline which are based on the theoretical and experimental estimation. We used Sakurai's alpha power low for the delay modeling. The proposed MAC has the superior properties to the standard design in many ways and its performance is twice as much than the previous research in the similar clock frequency.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of heparin, CSA and PC12 on sperm motility and acrosome reaction in bovine fresh and frozen semen which were washed and incubated in mTALP, and also the effect of heparin-pretreatment on motility and acrosome reaction in mTALP, and also the effect of heparin-pretreatment on motility and acrosome reaction of sperm treated with PC12, and the results obtained were as follows : 1. When fresh sperm was once washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin 1, heparin 2, CSA and PC12, the percent of motile sperm of PC12 was significantly lower than that of control, heparin 1, heparin 2 and CSA. But the percent of acrosomereacted sperm of PC12 was signifciantly higher than that of control, heparin 1, heparin 2, and CSA. 2. When frozen sperm was once washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin 1, heparin 2, CSA and PS12, there was no significant difference in the percent of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was signifciantly higher than that of heparin 2, and there was no significant difference in the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm among control, heparin and CSA. 3. When fresh sperm was twice washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin and PC12, there was no significant differrence in the percent of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was significantly higher than that of control and heparin. When the sperm was incubated for 120 minutes, the percent of motile sperm of PC12 was significantly lower than that of control and heparin, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was significantly higher than that of control and heparin. 4. When fresh sperm was twice washed and preincubated in mTALP containing heparin for 0, 15, 120, and 240 minutes, and then incubated with PC12 for 15 minutes, there was no significant difference in the perce수 of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of 120 and 240 minutes was significantly higher than that of 0 and 15 minutes.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.162-173
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• 2003

The pseudo n-type polyaniline was prepared by doping of camphorsulfonic acid(CSA) and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid(DBSA) as the dopants in solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP). The dopants in polymer structure was qualitatively analyzed using FT-IR. The influence on electrochemical properties with dopant concentration of PANI film were investigated. The electrochemical characteristics of the n-type PANI electrode that coated on ITO were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and AC impedance method. The prepared PANI were confirmed as n-type PANI from FT-IR and CV. The charge transfer resistance of film on PANI/CSA electrode were measured as 1.14{\sim}1.09k{\mu}$by AC impedance. The charge transfer resistance of PANI/DBSA electrode decreased with increasing the mole ratio of DBSA as 27.73{\sim}8.37 k{\mu}$. The double layer capacitance of PANI/CSA electrode was showed almost constant value as $13.47{\sim}14.59 {\mu}F$ and that of PANI/DBSA electrode increased with increasing mole ratio of DBSA from 0.49 to $1.20 {\mu}F$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.476-480
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• 2005

Immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients is changing consequence of the increasing number of available immunosuppressive agents. The optimal use of immunosuppressive agents requires a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics, but the information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs in pediatric transplant recipients is still limited. In general, patients younger than 5 years old show higher clearance rates, therefore the need for higher dosages in younger patients seems evident. By the therapeutic drug monitoring, trough($C_{min}$) and peak level($C_{max}$) are measured and the area under the blood concentration-time curve(AUC), which is taken as being representative of total systemic exposure can be calculated. Cyclosporine A (CSA) has poor bioavailability, which contributes to high inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability. CSA concentration measured 2 hours after administration($C_2$) has better correlation with the AUC than $C_{min}$ and is an alternative technique that predicts the AUC. Tacrolimus(Tac) has a great deal of inter-individual variability like CSA but intra-individual variability in systemic exposure is considered to be low. Both CSA and Tac are metabolized by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme isoform(CYP3A4). We should consider changing the dosages when CSA or Tac is used in combination with the medicines that inhibit or induce the CYP3A4. In case of steroid-free immunosuppressive therapy, the blood concentration of Tac should be frequently checked and dosage adjustment may be needed.