• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 1994

Inclusion complexes of ketoconazole(KT) with ${\alpha}^_$, ${\beta}^_$cyclodextrin(CD) and $dimethy1-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (CD) and $dimethy1-{\beta}-cyclodextrin(DM{\beta}CD)$ as nasal absorption enhancer were prepared in 1: 2 molar ratios by freeze-drying and solvent evaporation methods. In order to compare with the intrinsic absorptivity of KT in the jejunum(J) and the nasal cavity(N), the in situ simultaneous perfusion method was employed. The in situ recirculation study revealed that KT-CD inclusion complexes with the greater stability constant and the faster dissolution rate proportionally increased the absorption of KT in the J and N of rats. The rank order of apparent KT permeability$(P_{app}\;:\;cm/sec\;{\time}\;1O^{-5}{\pm}S.E.)$, corrected by surface area of absorption, was $5.10{\pm}0.3(N,\; KT-DM{\beta}CD)$ )> $4.13{\pm}0.4(N,\;KT-{\beta}-CD)$ )> $3.52{\pm}0.2(N,\;KT-{\alpha}-CD)$ )> $2.76{\pm}0.3(J,\; KT-DM{\beta}CD)$ )> $2.61{\pm}0.5(J,\;KT-{\beta}-CD)$ )> $2.42{\pm}0.4(J,\;KT-{\alpha}-CD)$ at pH 4.0. The in crease in permeability of $KT-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex was 2.6 folds in the J and 4.5 folds in the N when the perfusing solution was changed from the buffer(pH 4.0) to saline. The absorption rate of $KT-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex after nasal administration was more rapid than those of ketoconazole alone and $KT-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex after oral administration to rats. In comparision with an oral administration of ketoconazole suspension in corn oil, the relative bioavailability was calculated 137.3% for the oral and 195.0% for nasal $KT-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex in rats. The present results suggest that $KT-DM{\beta}CD$ inclusion complex may serve as a potential nasal absorption enhancer for the nasal delivery of ketoconazole.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.137-148
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• 2007

Objectives : Following central nervous system (CNS) injury, inhibitory influences at the site of axonal damage occur. Glial cells become reactive and form a glial scar, know as gliosis. As well,myelin debris such as MAG inhibits axonal regeneration. Astrocyte-rich gliosis relates to up-regulation of GFAP and CD81, and eventually becomes a physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. It is postulated that when the astrocytic reaction is absent, regeneration of axons can occur. It was reported that treatment with anti CD81 antibodies enhanced functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Methods : MAG is one of several endogenous axon regeneration inhibitors that limit recovery from central nervous system injury and disease. It was reported that molecules which block such inhibitors enhanced axon regeneration and functional recovery. Results : In this current study, the author investigated the effect of the water extract of Ginseng Radix on the regulation of CD81, GFAP and MAG which increases when gliosis occurs. MTT analysis was performed to examine cell viability, and cell based ELISA, Western Blot and PCR were used to detect the expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to confirm in vivo. Conclusions : We observed that Ginseng Radix significantly down-regulates the expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG by means of cell based ELISA, Western Blot and PCR. In immunohistochemistry, expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG also decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that Ginseng Radix can be a candidate for regenerating CNS injury.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2014

Respiratory viruses can induce acute respiratory disease. Clinical symptoms and manifestations are dependent on interactions between the virus and host immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs), along with alveolar macrophages, constitute the first line of sentinel cells in the innate immune response against respiratory viral infection. DCs play an essential role in regulating the immune response by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. In the steady state, lung DCs can be subdivided into $CD103^+$ conventional DCs (cDCs), $CD11b^+$ cDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the inflammatory state, like a respiratory viral infection, monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) are recruited to the lung. In inflammatory lung, discrimination between moDCs and $CD11b^+$ DCs in the inflamed lung has been a critical challenge in understanding their role in the antiviral response. In particular, $CD103^+$ cDCs migrate from the intraepithelial base to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes to primarily induce the $CD8^+$ T cell response against the invading virus. Lymphoid $CD8{\alpha}^+$ cDCs, which have a developmental relationship with $CD103^+$ cDCs, also play an important role in viral antigen presentation. Moreover, pDCs have been reported to promote an antiviral response by inducing type I interferon production rather than adaptive immunity. However, the role of these cells in respiratory infections remains unclear. These different DC subsets have functional specialization against respiratory viral infection. Under certain viral infection, contextually controlling the balance of these specialized DC subsets is important for an effective immune response and maintenance of homeostasis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.137-145
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• 2007

The effect of cadmium chloride $(CdCl_2)$ on the expression of E-cadherin was examined in bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells. $CdCl_2$ induced $PGE_2$ release, which were blocked by non-steroidal antinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin and NS398 indicating the expression of COX-2 might contribute to $PGE_2$ production. $CdCl_2$ decreased the expression of E-cadherin, but not VE-cadherin at levels of mRNA and protein. Reduced expression level of E-cadherin was restored by NSAIDs, which was reversed by the addition of $PGE_2$. $CdC_2$-induced decrease of E-cadherin level was also recovered by antioxidants including N-acetylcyteine (NAC) and trolox. Together with previous report which showed $CdCl_2$ induced COX-2 expression in a cellular oxidative stress dependent manner, these data suggest that $CdCl_2$ decreases E-cadherin expression through induction of cellular oxidative stress and in turn COX-2 expression in brain endothelial cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.125-126
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• 2006

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films. $CdGa_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$. $345cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition ($E_x$) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton ($D^{\circ},X$) having very strong peak intensity. Then. the full-width-at -half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule. an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3},345cm^{2}/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $CuInSe_{2}$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $\Delta$ So and the crystal field splitting $\Delta$Cr were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $CdGa_{2}Se_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (Ex) existing only high Quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton $(D^{0},X)$ having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2018

Background: The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes inflammation, oxidative stress, an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases and apoptosis which has been focused on lately. Abnormal apoptotic events have been demonstrated in both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as in inflammatory cells including neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lungs of COPD patients. An increased propensity of activated T lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis has been observed in the peripheral blood of COPD patients. Therefore, the apoptosis of T lymphocytes without activating them was investigated in this study. Methods: Twelve control subjects, 21 stable COPD patients and 15 exacerbated COPD patients were recruited in the study. The T lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood using magnetically activated cell sorting. Apoptosis of the T lymphocytes was assessed with flow cytometry using Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D. Apoptosis of T lymphocytes at 24 hours after the cell culture was measured so that the T lymphocyte apoptosis among the control and the COPD patients could be compared. Results: Stable COPD patients had increased rates of $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis at 24 hours after the cell culture, more than the $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis which appeared in the control group, while the COPD patients with acute exacerbation had an amplified response of $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis as well as of $CD8^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis at 24 hours after the cell culture. Conclusion: Stable COPD patients have more apoptosis of $CD4^+$ T lymphocytes, which can be associated with the pathophysiology of COPD in stable conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were 630$^{\circ}C$ and 420$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall erect by van der Pauw method are 8.27x10$\^$17/ cm$\^$-3/, 345 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V$.$s at 293 K, respectively. From the Photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the CuInSe$_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ΔSo and the crystal field splitting ΔCr were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on CdGa$_2$Se$_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition (E$\_$X/) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton (D$\^$0/,X) having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excision were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV,

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2011

This study was conducted to establish the optimal electrolyte and bismuth concentrations using bismuth film electrode in laboratory and to confirm the possibilities of using this operational condition for heavy metals monitoring in field. In lab test, heavy metal measurement was not accurate more than 600 ppb when heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Zn) range 100~1,000 ppb was measured with bismuth 2,000 ppb. So, bismuth and heavy metal was reacted about 1:1 with ASV method. In electrolyte test, 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5), 0.1 M chloroacetate buffer (pH 2.0), 0.1 M HCl (pH 2.0), 0.1 M $HNO_3$ (pH 2.0) was tested. As a results, 0.1 M acetate buffer was most suitable in ASV measurement with bismuth film electrode. In field application, Pb, Cd and Zn was measured respectively 36~45 ppb, 84~91 ppb, 90~98 ppb when heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Zn) 100 ppb was spiked in field sample. These results were identified of matrix effect in field sample, So relationship between heavy metal measurement and matrix effects will be studied.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2003

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the possibility on agricultural use of muncipal sewage sludge with respect to heavy metal contents in Korea. Metal contents (mg/kg) in 88 sludge samples were ranged from 0 to 54.3 for As, 1,7 to 197.3 for Cd, 7.3 to 2,854 for Cr, 87.4 to 5,730 for Cu, 129.3 to 10,289 for Mn 20.1 to 2,057 for Ni, 7.6 to 197.5 for Pb, and 523.5 to 6,349 for Zn. Heavy metal contents of sludges were compared with the regulation on raw material for compost. All sludges produced from sewage treatment plane in metropolis (over a million in population) and large cities ($500,00{\sim}1,000,000$) were not compatible with the regulation. In addition, 95% of sludge from small and mid-size cities ($100,00{\sim}500,000$) and 93% from rural area (below 100,000) were not suitable. On the basis of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn contents, 41, 53, 47, and 89% of sludge samples were not compatible with the regulation on raw material for compost respectively.