• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.749-755
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• 2010

We investigate biprojectivity of $C_{r}^{*}(G)$ as a $L^1(G)$-bimodule for a locally compact group G. The main results are the following. As a $L^1(G)$-bimodule$C_{r}^{*}(G)$ is biprojective if G is compact and is not biprojective if G is an infinite discrete group or G is a non-compact abelian group.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.293-304
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• 2018

A numerical study is conducted on the flow characteristics of a rectangular cylinder (chord-to-width ratio C/W = 2 - 10) mounted close to a rigid wall at gap-to-width ratios G/W = 0.25 - 6.25. The effects of G/W and C/W on the Strouhal number, vortex structure, and time-mean drag and lift forces are examined. The results reveal that both G/W and C/W have strong influences on vortex structure, which significantly affects the forces on the cylinder. An increase in G/W leads to four different flow regimes, namely no vortex street flow (G/W < 0.75), single-row vortex street flow ($0.75{\leq}G/W{\leq}1.25$), inverted two-row vortex street flow ($1.25<G/W{\leq}2.5$), and two-row vortex street flow (G/W > 2.5). Both Strouhal number and time-mean drag are more sensitive to C/W than to G/W. For a given G/W, Strouhal number grows with C/W while time-mean drag decays with C/W, the growth and decay being large between C/W = 2 and 4. The time-mean drag is largest in the single-row vortex street regime, contributed by a large pressure on the front surface, regardless of C/W. A higher C/W, in general, leads to a higher time-mean lift. The maximum time-mean lift occurs for C/W = 10 at G/W = 0.75, while the minimum time-mean lift appears for C/W = 2 at the same G/W. The impact of C/W on the time-mean lift is more substantial in single-row vortex regime. The effect of G/W on the time-mean lift is larger at a larger C/W.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Background: This study attempted to apply resin infiltrant (RI) as a method to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment and compared it with fluoride varnish (FV) or artificial saliva to evaluate the effect. Methods: Sixty healthy lozenge specimens were classified into five groups. Group 1 was the negative control group, and discoloration was induced after artificial saliva treatment of the tooth specimen (G1_S+C). Group 2 was a positive control group, in which pigmentation was induced after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G2 _B+S+C). Coloration was induced in group 3 (experimental group 1) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by application of fluorine varnish (G3_B+FV+S+C). Coloration was induced in Group 4 (experimental group 2) after applying RI after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G4_B+RI+S+C). Pigmentation was induced in group 5 (experimental group 3) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by acid treatment (etching) and treatment with RI (G5_B+E+RI+S+C). Coffee and wine were used to induce discoloration. The lightness value (L^*) of the CIE L^*a^*b^* color system was obtained by image analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H analysis was performed for the mean difference in L^* values by group. Results: When coloration was induced with coffee, there was no significant difference in L^* value between artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups. There was no significant difference in L^* values between the artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups, even in the case of wine induced coloration. Conclusion: It was confirmed that artificial saliva or RI treatment had similar effects to the FV previously used to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.67-80
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• 1996

Eleven fruit bodies of Ganoderma sp. were collected from eight locations throughout the forest of Kangwon province and Kyunggi province in Korea. The hosts in forest were cut trunks of Quercus dentata, Q. variabilis, Prunus peria and Alnus japonica that was newly surveyed but 5 isolates were collected at the farms of Ganoderma mushroom. Most fruit bodies were formed solitarily on the cut trunks but GS-106 isolate grown in crowds on cut trunk of Alnus japonica. Optimal temperature ranges for isolates of species studied were: G. applanatum $28^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, G. lucidum $28{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, G. neo-japonicum $28^{\circ}C$, and G. tsuage $26^{\circ}C$ and all the species grew slowly at the $32^{\circ}C$. Hamada medium adjusted with pH 5.4 and 6.2 is better than other media for mycelial growth. Mycelial morphological characteristics of six species were studied: G. applanatum, G. lucidum and G. neo-japonicum produced typical type of staghoru hyphae but G. oregonens and G. valeosiacum produced staghoru hyphae with a branch of grape form. Clamp connection was observed on hypha of G. applanatum, G. lucidum, G. oregonense and G. valeosiacum except G. neo-japonicum with node type. Chlamydospore was produced by G. applanatum, G. neo-japonicum. and cuticular cells were present on hyphae of G. lucidum, G. neo-japonicum, G.oregonense and G. tsugae.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.345-351
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• 2022

For simple undirected graph G=(V,E), L(2,1)-coloring of G is a nonnegative real-valued function f : V → [0,1,…,k] such that whenever vertices x and y are adjacent in G then |f(x)-f(y)|≥ 2 and whenever the distance between x and y is 2, |f(x)-f(y)|≥ 1. For a given L(2,1)-coloring c of graph G, the c-span is λ(c) = max{|c(v)-c(v)||u,v∈V}. L(2,1)-coloring number λ(G) = min{λ(c)} where the minimum is taken over all L(2,1)-coloring c of graph G. In this paper, based on Harary's Theorem, we use Tabu Search to figure out the existence of Hamiltonian Path in a complementary graph and confirmed that if λ(G) is equal to n(=|V|).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2008

In this paper, we describe our study on the characterization of tobacco leaves by their pyrolysis patterns. Two kinds of tobacco leaves were pyrolyzed and analyzed by Double-Shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) methods. Three grades of Korean flue-cured tobacco leafsuch as B1O, AB3O, CD3L and burley tobacco leaves such as B1T, AB3T, CD3W were pyrolyzed with six discrete but stepwise heating temperature ranges, those are from 100$^{\circ}C$ to 150$^{\circ}C$, 150$^{\circ}C$ to 200$^{\circ}C$, 200$^{\circ}C$ to 250$^{\circ}C$, 250$^{\circ}C$ to 300$^{\circ}C$, 300$^{\circ}C$ to 350$^{\circ}C$ and finally from 350$^{\circ}C$ to 400$^{\circ}C$. Using the resultant 52 pyrolytic components identified in the programs as components, principal component analysis (PCA) showed statistical classification between flue-cured and burley tobacco lamina. Among six pyrolysis temperature ranges, the best discrimination was achieved at the temperature range from 250$^{\circ}C$ to 300$^{\circ}C$ and from 300$^{\circ}C$ to 350$^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 1993

Glucomannan(G.M.)은 Amorphophallus Konjac C. Koch의 tuber로부터 분리되었고. 이 G.M.은 다시 침전제로 메탄올을 사용하여 4단계로 분별되었다.(F.1, F.2, F.3, F.4,). 각분 별물에 비하여 직선으로부터 벗어남을 보였다. Low shear viscometer로 G.M. 용액의 viscosity를 측정하였고 농도와 zero shear specific viscosity의 logarithm을 도시한 결과 inflection point를 나타내었다. 이것은 G.M. 분자들의 coil overlap의 시작에서 기인한 것이 고 묽은 용액에서 진한 용액으로의 전이행동은 임계농도. C＊=4/[η]에서 일어났고 이때의 zero shear specific viscosity는 10을 나타내었다. 또한 specific viscosity는 묽은 용액에대해 서는 C14로써 변화하였고 진한 요액에서는 C3.0으로변화하였다. G.M.의 고체상태에 대한 유 전성($\varepsilon$＇,$\varepsilon$＂)과 점탄성(C＇,C＂)계수들을 액체질소 온도에서부터 15$0^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에 걸쳐 4단계로 film을 건조시키면서 10Hz에서 측정하였다. G.M. film의 유전성과 점탄성의 허수부 분은 ($\varepsilon$＂, C＂), -10$0^{\circ}C$에서 peak를 나타내었고 이 peak는 hydroxy methyl 기들의 회전 운동에서 생겨난 것이다. 건조시키지 않은 상태의 G.M. film의 유전성과 점탄성의 허수부분 의 값들은 -5$0^{\circ}C$에서 물 분자의 운동에 의하여 생긴 peak를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1373-1380
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• 2014

The thyroid hormone responsive protein (THRSP) gene is a functional gene that can be used to indicate the fatty acid compositions. This study investigates the relationships of exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the THRSP gene and fatty acid composition of muscle fat and marbling score in the 612 Korean cattle. The relationships between fatty acid composition and eight SNPs in the THRSP gene (g.78 G>A, g.173 C>T, g.184 C>T, g.190 C>A, g.194 C>T, g.277 C>G, g.283 T>G and g.290 T>G) were investigated, and according to the results, two SNPs (g.78 G>A and g.184 C>T) in exon 1 were associated with fatty acid composition. The GG and CC genotypes of g.78 G>A and g.184 C>T had higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (p<0.05). In addition, the $ht1^*ht1$ group (Val/Ala haplotype) in a linkage disequilibrium increased MUFAs and marbling scores for carcass traits (p<0.05). As a result, g.78 G>A and g.184 C>T had significantly relationships with UFAs and MUFAs. Two SNPs in the THRSP gene affected fatty acid composition, suggesting that GG and CC genotypes and the $ht1^*ht1$ group (Val/Ala haplotype) can be markers to genetically improve the quality and flavor of beef.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.831-835
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• 2008

Recently, the use of C.S.G is gradually increasing as the construction material for dam, road, revetment and so on. The strength characteristics of C.S.G is affected by various influence factors such as specimen size, maximum grain size and water contents. Therefore, When designing and constructing the C.S.G structure, it is very important for us to understand the nature of used materials well and to test it's quality. Commonly, C.S.G strength test is used the cylinders specimen size of $15{\times}30$ at KS F2405. But, the specimen size extracted from the field structure is not regular. This paper aims at offering the experimental data about the compressive strength and elasticity modulus by change of the specimen size for the effective quality control of the C.S.G structure.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.23-27
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• 2023

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has been used as effective photocatalyst for degradation of antibiotics under visible light irradiation. However, the fast recombination of hole-electron pair may limit their photocatalytic efficiency. In our study, Ag was grafted on g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype heterojunction by a microwave-assisted decomposition method. The structure and physical properties of heterojunction photocatalyst were characterized through X-ray diffraction, UV-DRS, FT-IR, and Photoluminescence analyses. Ag decorated g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype heterojunction exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of sulfamethoxazole under irradiation under visible light irradiation within 210 min, which is higher than g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ isotype heterojunction and bulk g-C₃N₄. The addition of Ag may broaden the visible light absorption and restrict the recombination of hole-electron pair because of the surface plasmons resonance, resulting in the improving the photocatalytic activity.