• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 1992

Microorganisms capable of accumulating poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid(PHB) were isolated from soil by enrichment culture technique. Among them, the strain designated as FL-027 had high PHB productivity and was identified as Alcaligenes. The optimal medium composition for cell growth was 8.0 $g/\ell$ of fructose and 3.0 $g/\ell$ of $(NH_4)_2S0_4$, equivalent to C/N ratio 5.04 at pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. To investigate the optimal conditions for the PHB accumulation, we divided the process into two stages; the first stage for the growth of the cell in nutrient-rich medium and the second stage for the PHB accumulation in nutrient-deficiency medium. The optimal conditions for PHB accumulation were 8.0 $g/\ell$ of fructose and 0.25 $g/\ell$ of $(NH_4)_2S0_4$, equivalent to C/N ratio 60 at pH 6.5 and $30^{\circ}C$. PHB accumulation was stimulated by deficiency of nutrients such as $NH_4^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2+}$ in medium. Among them. $NH_4^+$ deficiency was chosen because of its effectiveness. We found the inhibition of cell growth by fructose in batch culture. In order to keep the fructose concentration at an optimal level, intermittent feeding fed-batch culture was employed, and the cell concentration as high as 10.83 $g/\ell$ whose PHB content was responsible for 43% of the dry cell weight. The purified PHB was identified as homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid by using IR and $^1H-NMR$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.802-807
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• 2012

The autothermal reforming of methane to syngas has been carried out in a reactor charged with both a Ni (15 wt%)-Ru (1 wt%)/$Al_2O_3$-MgO metallic monolith catalyst and an electrically-heated convertor (EHC). The standalone type reactor has a start-up time of less than 2 min with the reactant gas of $700^{\circ}C$ fed to the autothermal reactor. The $O_2/CH_4$ and $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio governed the methane conversion and temperature profile of reactor. The reactor temperature increased as the reaction shifted from endothermic to exothermic reaction with decreasing $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio. Also the amount of $CO_2$ in the products increases with increasing $H_2O/CH_4$ ratio due to water gas shift reaction. The 97% of $CH_4$ conversion was obtained and the reactor temperature was maintained $600^{\circ}C$ at the condition of $GHSV=10,000\;h^{-1}$ and feed ratio ($H_2O/CH_4=0.6$ and $O_2/CH_4=0.5$). In this condition, the maximum flow rate of the syngas generated from the reactor charged with 170 cc of the metallic monolith catalyst is $0.94\;Nm^3/h$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.192-192
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• 2009

AZO films were prepared by $Ar:H_2$ gas RF magnetron sputtering system with a AZO (2wt% $Al_2O_3$) ceramic target at a low temperature of $100^{\circ}C$. To investigate the influence of $H_2$ flow ratio on the properties of AZO films, $H_2$ flow ratio was changed from 0.5% to 2%. As a result, the AZO films deposited with 1% $H_2$ addition showed electrical properties with a resistivity of $5.06{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}cm$. The spectrophotometer-measurements showed the transmittance of 86.5% was obtained by the film deposited with $H_2$ flow ratio of 1% in the range of 940nm for GaAs/GaAlAs LED.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1612-1619
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to optimize ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, including enzyme-to-substrate (E/S) ratio, pH, and temperature, for producing porcine liver hydrolysates (PLHs) with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity by using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: The study used RSM to determine the combination of hydrolysis parameters that maximized the antioxidant activity of our PLHs. Temperature ($40^{\circ}C$, $54^{\circ}C$, and $68^{\circ}C$), pH (8.5, 9.5, and 10.5), and E/S ratio (0.1%, 2.1%, and 4.1%) were selected as the independent variables and analyzed according to the preliminary experiment results, whereas DPPH free radical scavenging activity was selected as the dependent variable. Results: Analysis of variance showed that E/S ratio, pH, and temperature significantly affected the hydrolysis process (p<0.01). The optimal conditions for producing PLHs with the highest scavenging activity were as follows: E/S ratio, 1.4% (v/w); temperature, $55.5^{\circ}C$; and initial pH, 10.15. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, and reducing power of PLHs were 24.12%, 79%, 98.18%, and 0.601 absorbance unit, respectively. The molecular weight of most PLHs produced under these optimal conditions was less than 5,400 Da and contained 45.7% hydrophobic amino acids. Conclusion: Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis can be applied to obtain favorable antioxidant hydrolysates from porcine liver with potential applications in food products for preventing lipid oxidation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.3372-3381
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• 1995

An equilibrium analysis was carried out to determine principal species of heavy metals in waste incineration and their behaviors with variation of temperature, chlorine concentration, excess air ratio, and C/H ratio. The waste was assumed as a compound of hydrocarbon fuel, chlorine, and metals. Calculated results showed that the most important parameter to determine the principal species was temperature. Chlorine concentration also affected on mole fractions of the principal species. Generally principal species at high temperature were chlorides while there were some metals of which principal species were oxides. At low temperature mole fractions of the principal species increased, but at high temperature mole fractions of some metal species decreased. C/H ratio of the hydrocarbon fuel and excess air ratio had little effect on mole fractions of the metal species, compared to the temperature and chlorine concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.897-902
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• 2001

The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the shear behavior of high-strength concrete deep beam and to grasp the conservatism of ACI Building Code. Experimental results on 12 deep beams under two equal symmetrically placed point loads are reported. Main variables are vertical and horizontal web reinforcement and shear span-to-overall depth ratio. Test results indicated that web reinforcement dose not affect on formation of inclined cracks but shear span-to-overall depth ratio affect on inclined shear cracks and ultimate shear strength. Addition of vertical web reinforcement improves ultimate shear strength of H.S.C. deep beams that shear span-to-overall depth ratio is 1.0. Considerable increase in ultimate shear strength of H.S.C. deep beams with increasing horizontal web reinforcement that shear span-to-overall depth ratio is 0.5. Especially with increasing concrete strength($f_{ck}$) the ACI code is conservative in estamating the ultimate shear strength of deep beams.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.122-126
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• 2012

The properties of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films were investigated as a function of $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratio using an AZO (2 wt% $Al_2O_3$) ceramic target in a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system. The deposition process was done at $200^{\circ}C$ and in $2{\times}10^{-2}$ Torr working pressure and with various ratios of $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas. During the AZO film deposition process, partial $H_2$ gas affected the AZO film characteristics. The electron resistivity (${\sim}9.21{\times}10^{-4}\;{\Omega}cm$) was lowest and mobility (${\sim}17.8\;cm^2/Vs$) was highest in AZO films when the $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratio was 2.5 %. When the $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratio was increased above 2.5 %, the electron resistivity increased and mobility decreased with increasing $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratio in AZO films. The carrier concentration increased with increasing $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratio from 0 % to 7.5 %. This phenomenon was explained by reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and additional formation of oxygen vacancy. The average optical transmission in the visible light wavelength region over 90 % and an orientation of the deposition was [002] orientation for AZO films grown with all $H_2/(Ar+H_2)$ gas ratios.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2008

As part of studies on functional food development from the acorn (Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS), this study investigated the antioxidant properties of the acorn using response surface methodology. Optimal extraction conditions were established by monitoring total phenol levels, electron donating ability, antioxidant ability and nitrite-scavenging action using response surface analysis under a central composite design. The extraction temperature varied in the $30-70^{\circ}C$, the extraction time between 1-5 h, and the solvent ratio was in the interval 5-25mL/g of sample. Extracted total phenols were highest at $57.91^{\circ}C$, 4.08 h, and 22.39 mL/g. This extraction was influenced by solvent ratio, but not by extraction time or temperature. Electron donating ability was found to be highest at $60.37^{\circ}C$, 2.85h, and 6.47 mL/g. The highest antioxidant level was 2.09 AI at $37.11^{\circ}C$, 1.67 h, and 18.84 mL/g, and this value was greatly influenced by all of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent ratio. Nitrite-scavenging ability was found to be highest at $47.07^{\circ}C$, 1.24h, and 19.55mL/g. Changes in nitrite-scavenging ability were most influenced by solvent ratio, followed by extraction temperature, but no influence of extraction time within the range tested was found.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.30 no.9 s.252
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• pp.913-920
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• 2006

Three-dimensional flow and aerodynamic loss in the tip-leakage flow region of a high-turning first-stage turbine rotor blade with a squealer tip have been measured with a straight miniature five-hole probe for the tip gap-to-chord ratio, h/c, of 2.0%. This squealer tip has a indent-to-chord ratio, $h/{st}/c$, of 5.5%. The results are compared with those for a plane tip $(h_{st}/c=0.0%)$. The squealer tip tends to reduce the mass flow through the tip gap and to suppress the development of the tip-leakage vortex. Therefore, it delivers lower aerodynamic loss in the near-tip region than the plane tip does. At the mid-span, however, the aerodynamic loss has nearly the same value for the two different tips.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.328-331
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• 2000

Carbon nanotube(CNT) was successfully grown on Ni-W alloyed substrate by applying PECVD technique(Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition). As a catalyst, Ni-W alloyed substrate was prepared by mechanical alloying method. In order to find the optimum growth condition, initially two different types of gas mixtures such ac $C_2$H$_2$-H$_2$and $C_2$H$_2$-MH$_3$were systematically investigated by adjusting results on the mixing ratio in temperature range of 500 to 80$0^{\circ}C$. In this work, we will report the preliminary results on the CNT processed by PECVD, which were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. Finally we will evalute the effect on CNT growth by changing many processing parameters, such as typical gas, mixing ratio between 2 mixture, plasma power and etc.