• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.286-292
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• 2010

Purpose: Stability of joints and maintenance of range of motion are needed for optimum function. The most common complaint about the elbow joint is joint stiffness. Recent articles have reported good outcomes in the treatment of stiff elbow joints. However, deciding which procedure to use is always difficult. Materials and Methods: Morrey et al. reported that the functional range of motion of the elbow joint is $30-130^{\circ}$ of flexion-extension and $50^{\circ}C$ of supination and pronation. About 90% of daily activities are done using this range of motion. Stiff elbow joints can be classified according to the traumatic events that caused the problem or the location of the main pathology. Intraarticular pathology includes severe articular mismatch, intraarticular adhesions, loss of articular cartilage, mechanical blockade by osteophytes, loose bodies, and hypertrophied synovium. Extraarticular pathology includes severe capsular adhesion due to the trauma or to dislocation, contracture of the collateral ligaments or muscles, bony bridge. Results and Conclusions: The main pathology underlying the loss of extension is the fibrous contracture of the anterior capsule. In this pathology, an anterior capsulectomy would be helpful. The main pathology underlying the loss of flexion is the contracture of the posterior band of medial collateral ligament.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2002

In the present study AI$(CH_3)_3)$films were deposited by the ALD technique using trimethylaluminum(TMA) and ozone to improve the quality of the AI$(CH_3)_3)$ films, since the $OH^-$ radicals existing in the AI$(CH_3)_3)$ films deposited using TMA and $H_2O$ degrade the physical and the dielectric properties of the AI$(CH_3)_3)$ film. The XPS analysis results indicate that the $OH^-$ radical concentration in the AI$(CH_3)_3)$film deposited using $O_3$is lower than that using $H_2O$. The etch rate of the AI$(CH_3)_3)$film deposited using $O_3$is also lower than that using $H_2O$, suggesting that the chemical inertness of the former is better than the latter. The MIS capacitor fabricated with the TiN conductor and the $Al_2$O$_3$dielectrics formed using $O_3$offers lower leakage current, better insulating property and smaller flat band voltage shift $({\Delta}V_{FB})$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2004

To identify genes involved in the decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green, we isolated random mutants generated by transposon insertion in triphenylmethane-decolorizing bacterium, Citrobacter sp. The resulting mutant bank yielded 14 mutants with complete defect in color removal capability of both crystal violet and malachite green. Southern hybridization with a Tn5 fragment as a probe showed a single hybridized band in 5 mutants and these mutants appeared to have insertions at different sites of the chromosome. Tn5-inserted genes were isolated and the DNA sequence flanking Tn5 was determined. From comparison with a sequence database, putative protein products encoded by cmg genes were identified as follows. cmg 2 is MaIC protein in maltose transport system; cmg 6 is transcriptional regulator (LysR-type): cmg 12 is a putative oxidoreductase. The sequences deduced from two cmg genes, cmg 8 and cmg 11, showed no significant similarity to any protein with a known function. Therefore, these results indicate that these two cmg genes encode unidentified proteins responsible for decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of RADARSAT and Landsat TM data for the monitoring of rice growth. The relationships between backscatter coefficients($\sigma$$^{0}$ ) of RADARSAT data and digital numbers (DN) of Landsat TM and rice growth parameters were investigated. Radar backscatter coefficients were calculated by calibration process and then compared with rice growth parameters; plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and fresh and dry biomass. When radar backscatter coefficient ($\sigma$$^{0}$ ) of rice was expressed as a function of time, it is shown that the increasing trend ranged from -22--20dB to -9--8dB as growth advances. The temporal variation of backscatter coefficient was significant to interpret rice growth. According to the relationship between leaf area index and backscatter coefficient, backscatter coefficient underestimated leaf area index at the beginning of life history and overestimated, at the reproductive stage. The same increasing trend between biomass and backscatter coefficient was shown. From these results, RADARSAT data appear positive to the monitoring of rice growth. Each band of time-series Landsat TM data had a significant trend as a rice crop grows during its life cycle. Spectral indices, NDVI[(TM4-TM3)/(TM4+TM3)] and RVI(TM4/TM2), derived from Landsat TM equivalent bands had the same trend as leaf area index.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1998

This research was carried out to investigate the effective methods of browning inhibition on Paeonia lactiflra Pall during hot air dehydratin. After drying for 36 hrs without pretreatment and with briquet fumigation moisture contents of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. was 16.0% and 16.2%, respectively, while with acidic solution, sulfite salt solution and blanching it was lower of 13.5, 12.9 and 14.8%, respectively. Using freeze drying moisture content was highest of 18.8%. The Hunter values of dried Paeonia lactiflora Pall., L, a, band ${\triangle} E$ showed that non-treatment had the most browning with 61.60, 1.89, 10.20 and 39.78, respectively, while briquet fumigation and sulfite salt solution were excellent in reducing browning. During freeze drying browning didn't occur. Paeoniflorin content was 2.41 and 2.51 %, respectively, in briquet fumigation and sulfite salt solution and was the highest (2.70%) in freeze drying. The content of $SO_2$, was 0.63% both in briquet fumigation and sulfite salts. It was 0.15% and 0.17% higher than nontreatment and freeze drying. The most effective pretreatment to inhibit browning of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. was soaking in sulfite salt solution $(0.5% NaHSO_4-0.5% Na_2S_2O_3)$ considering many things such as manpower, economical efficiency, drying time, commodity, etc. but safety should be evaluated to treat sulfite salts solution on peony roots.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2004

The expression and antibacterial. activity of recombinant human lactoferrin (hLf) was studied from meth­ylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The gene encoding hLf, isolated from human breast cDNA library, was subcloned into the expression vector, pPIC3.5K under the control of AOX1 promoter. The gene was integrated into the host chromosome and was identified by Southern blotting. The expression of the integrated gene was investigated by RT-PCR, Northern blotting, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Discrete band corresponding to hLf was detected from the SDS-PAGE, which was confirmed by Western blotting. The expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR and Northern blotting. The antibacterial activity of the recombinant hLf (rhLf) was investigated using Staphy­lococcus aureus ATCC 6538P and Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240 as test organisms. The rhLf showed strong antibacterial activities against the bacteria. Furthermore, many Gram-negative animal pathogens such as E.coli ATCC8739, 25922, and Salmonella typhimurium 114 and 115, Pseudomonas fluorescens ID 963 I, P. aeruginosa KCCM 11802, and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus mesentericus were also inhibited in their growth by the rhLf.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.347-351
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• 2003

II-Ⅵ ZnO compound semiconductor thin films were grown on $\alpha$-Al$_2$O$_3$(0001) single crystal substrate by radical beam assisted molecular beam epitaxy and the optical properties were investigated. Zn(6N) was evaporated using Knudsen cell and O radical was assisted at the partial pressure of 1$\times$10$^{4}$ Torr and radical beam source of 250-450 W RF power. In $\theta$-2$\theta$ x-ray diffraction analysis, ZnO thin film with 500 nm thickness showed only ZnO(0002)and ZnO(0004) peaks is believed to be well grown along c-axis orientation. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement using He-Cd ($\lambda$=325 nm) laser is obtained in the temperature range of 9 K-300 K. At 9 K and 300 K, only near band edge (NBE) is observed and the FWHM's of PL peak of the ZnO deposited at 450 RF power are 45 meV and 145 meV respectively. From no observation of any weak deep level peak even at room temperature PL, the ZnO grains are regarded to contain very low defect density and impurity to cause the deep-level defects. The peak position of free exciton showed slightly red-shift as temperature was increased, and from this result the binding energy of free exciton can be experimentally determined as much as $58\pm$0.5 meV, which is very closed to that of ZnO bulk. By van der Pauw 4-point probe measurement, the grown ZnO is proved to be n-type with the electron concentration($n_{e}$ ) $1.69$\times$10^{18}$$cm^3$, mobility($\mu$) $-12.3\textrm{cm}^2$/Vㆍs, and resistivity($\rho$) 0.30 $\Omega$$\cdot$cm.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.185-189
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• 2016

By employing photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), the electronic structure of the candidate half-metallic antiferromagnet of $Mn_3Ga$ Heusler compound has been investigated. We have studied two ball-milled $Mn_3Ga$ powder samples, one after annealing and the other without annealing, respectively. Based on the Mn 2p XAS study, we have found that Mn ions are nearly divalent in $Mn_3Ga$ and that the Mn ions having the locally octahedral symmetry and those having the locally tetrahedral symmetry are both present in $Mn_3Ga$. We have found relatively good agreement between the measured valence-band PES spectrum of $Mn_3Ga$ and the calculated density of states, which is in agreement with the half-metallic electronic structure of $Mn_3Ga$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.519-523
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• 2002

Soluble polysaccharide (SP) from green layer, Enteromorpba prolifera was extracted 3 times with distilled water at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs and fractionated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE Separose CL-6B). The SP amounted to $23.7\%$ of the dry seaweed weight and contained $68.8\%$ carbohydrate. It was mainly constituted of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, sulfate and uronic acid and was fractionated with CPC into three (CPC-S, CPC-PS, CPC-PP) tractions. The major acid fraction CPC-PS accounted for $10.2\%$ of the dry algal weight. CPC-PS was further fractionated on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B into Fr-1 ($8.0\%$), Fr-2 ($35.8\%$), Fr-3 ($23.7\%$) fractions. The Fr-3 fraction contained $2.2\%$ protein, $21.4\%$ sulfate, $15.3\%$ uronic acid, and $72.4\%$ polysacchnrides composed of rhamnose, xylose and glucose. The Fr-2 fraction, which was richer in uronic acid ($17.5\%$) and poorer in sulfate ($19.0\%$) and total sugar ($68.8\%$) than the Fr-3, had a sugar composition close to that of Fr-3. The average molecular weights of Fr-2 and Fr-3 were 510,000 and 830,000 daltons, respectively. Fr-3 turned out to be homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.11C
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• pp.1085-1097
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• 2009

We present a structure and design method of the D8PSK modem compatible with the VDL mode-2 standard and performance test results of the developed modem. In VDL mode-2, the raised cosine filter is used only in the transmitter and a general low pass filter is used in the receiver. Consequently, we can not achieve ISI reduction but can have better spectrum characteristics. Although there is 1~2 dB performance degradation with an un-matched filter compared to that with a matched filter, it is more important to minimize adjacent channel interference in narrow band communications. The transmit signal is generated digitally to avoid the problems(I/Q imbalance and DC offset etc.) of analog modulators. In addition the digital down converter using digital IF sampling technique is adopted for the receiver. This paper contains the overall configuration, design method and simulation results based in part on the previously proposed structures and algorithms. It is confirmed that the modem transmits and receives messages successfully at a speed of max. 870 km/h over ranges of up to 310 km through the ground and in-flight communication tests.