• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2013

This study analyzed the effects of the relational norm factor of food service franchising on the intention to remain, in view of the importance of relational norms, as antecedent variables, to franchisees' perceived fairness to enhance the competitiveness by formation of long-term relationship between interested parties to food service franchising, the franchiser and the franchisee. According to a questionnaire survey, more than 100 franchisees that recorded three business years in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi area were selected for convenience sampling. Then, among them, 515 effective samples were analyzed. For statistical data, detailed types of analysis were performed by using AMOS 17.0, such as factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory analysis and frequency analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the franchiser and the franchisee by arranging relational norm factors for the relationship to be suitable for the current situation of Korea, instead of Western-style theory-based relationship marketing, and by understanding a connection between perceived fairness and management achievement-related variables, and to make a conceptual framework for building a positive relationship between the franchiser and the franchise in future food service franchising industry. Moreover, it aimed to increase franchisee satisfaction and results including re-contract according to perceived positive relationship value on the franchiser and to make contribution to find and show the proper direction for development of the Korean-style food service franchising system.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2011

This study aims to analyze importance and performance factors on the quality of food service event attributes in participants and organizers, so that it could provide helpful information to build up a detailed marketing strategy and present considerations for revisit increase and more efficient business results as well. Importance on food service event attributes scored a higher level than performance on the whole. Notably, in regard to the attributes of food service event, it was found that respondents put higher stress on vessel(4.10 points), natural seasoning(4.06 points), reservation service(4.04 points), parking service(3.95 points), customer level(3.85 points), organizer's service (3.84 points), polished atmosphere (3.83 points) and taste of food (3.83 points) than anything else. In terms of IPA analysis on food service event attributes, it was important to continuously maintain 'vessel', 'reservation service', customer level', 'sauce taste', 'recency', price', 'chefs fame', etc. Some items such as 'parking service', 'natural seasoning', 'polished atmosphere', 'taste of food', 'see off service', 'cleanliness' are in need of intensive care and operation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.275-298
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• 2011

In 2010, it appears that Korean economic growth rate heavily depends on its international trade. Thus, a sustainable growth of the international trade is very important to Korea. To increase export, a continuous making profits is the most important to companies and TSO(Trade Support Organization) needs to provide a trade support services to the exporting firms. In this context, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between company performance and service quality, utilization and customer satisfaction of TSO. Some implications from the results of this study are suggested. First, TSO needs to boost the utilization of its services by enhancing systemizing, reliability and empathy of its service qualities. And then, TSO needs to encourage companies to focus on export-oriented business mind, since these companies have tendency to show a better practical application and high degree of performance as well. Third, TSO needs to develop some exceptional services for the companies with the low weight of export in turnover since those groups tend to have higher customer satisfaction. Our major findings contribute to the trade support service planning of TSO.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.85-100
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• 2014

Purpose - Recently, the prevalence of high-speed mobile communication technology (4G) and mobile devices (smart phones, tablet PC, etc.) is leading innovative changes across all fields in society as well as business environments. Furthermore, a diversified mobile application service has spread rapidly through mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet PCs. Accordingly, the traditional E-government services paradigm has rapidly changed into mobile intelligence. To identify the influencing factors on the using intention of G4C smart app services, based on previous studies, the variables that influence using G4C smart app services are defined; these are user cognitive factors (perceived usefulness, perceived easiness), user characteristics factors (user innovativeness, self-efficiency, social influence), service quality factors (convenience, interactivity, accessibility), and system quality factors (instant connectivity, safety). Research design, data, and methodology - This is designed not only to collect data with a questionnaire survey (9/22/13~10/23/13) but also to test hypotheses with SEM by SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 in both Korea and China. All items are used with Likert 5 scales. A total of 643 questionnaires (Korea 318, China 325) are used. Results - The perceived usefulness and perceived easiness in user cognitive factors have positive influence on using intention. The user innovativeness, self-efficiency, and social factors in user characteristics factors have positive influences on using intention. The convenience, interactivity, and accessibility in service quality factors have positive influences on both reliability and using intention. Safety in system quality has positive influence on both reliability and using intention. Reliability has positive influence on using intention. The control variables (Korea and China) affect its control hypothesis. Strategies and implications are suggested to assist the public using the intention of smartphone's e-government services based on the results of the empirical analysis. The mobile application service can be considered a new emergence of the paradigm just like the government's on-line portal websites appeared in the past. Under this prevailing situation of mobile smart devices, to promote the success of e-government mobile APP services, accurate analysis and understanding of users should precede anything, to provide services to grasp and satisfy users' desire properly. Conclusions - This study proposes implications to help E-governmental officers and companies make strategies. First, this is expected to give some information on the understanding and knowledge regarding the process of G4C smart APP service based on the empirical study. Second, this helps to make future policies and ways about E-government G4C smart APP service. Third, it is proved that super speed mobile communication technology and devices including phones will be crucial to change the structure of E-government services in 2-3 years. Fourth, it is necessary to increase the trust and using intention of users. Fifth, considering what type of environment users are placed in, to present proper public information matching their inclination, is important. Finally, various ways of experiencing service to explore potential users and ceaseless public relations are required.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.148-157
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• 2016

This study verified the effects of the quality characteristics of dessert cafes by business start-ups according to dietary life styles of consumer. Data was collected over 15 days starting from April 15, 2016 from 218 customers who visited dessert cafes. In brief, the research results are as follows. First, in order to verify the influence of service quality of dessert cafes according to dietary life styles, 3-kinds of variables, namely taste-pursuing type, convenience-pursuing type, and health-pursuing type, were set up for the lower variables, and 2-kinds variables, specifically credibility and sympathy, were established for service quality as dependent variables. The results of the regression analysis showed that, taste-pursuing type (${\beta}=.371$, p<.001), convenience-pursuing type (${\beta}=.401$, p<.001), health-pursuing type (${\beta}=.474$, p<.001), all 3-kinds of dietary life style, had a significant, positive(+) corelation ton the credibility of service quality. in addition, regression analysis revealed that the sympathy type of service credibility and, all 3 dietary lifestyle types, taste-pursuing type (${\beta}=.145$, p<.001), convenience-pursuing type (${\beta}=.208$, p<.001), health-pursuing type (${\beta}=.236$, p<.001), showed a significant, positive (+) corelation. Second, as a result of verifying the effects of service quality on customer consuming behaviors at dessert cafes, it was determined that there was a significant, positive (+) corelation with credibility and sympathy in consuming behaviors such like credibility (${\beta}=.313$, p<.001), sympathy (${\beta}=.228$, p<.001).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2011

1. Objectives : This study aimed to provide practical insights on the development of traditional Korean medical tourism and maximize the satisfaction of foreign patients. The main objectives of this study were also to evaluate Sasang Constitutional Medicine(S.C.M.) diagnosis cost from foreigners' perspectives. 2. Methods : For this study, the data were collected from tourists to Korea between January 3, 2010 to February 20, 2010. The sample used in this study was mainly composed of Japanese, Chines and US/Canada, because they are the major national visitor origin group to Korea. The primary data were collected by questionnaire survey using a standardized instrument with a convenience sampling procedure, and efforts of the interviews involved an on-site, self-administrated questionnaire to those sitting or visiting tourist attractions. The total size of the sample was 276 of which 275 showed no missing value against the factors needed for final analysis and were for analysis as an effective sample. SPSS 13.0 for window was used to analyze the collected data on which descriptive statistics and the Limited Dependent(LIMDEP) 8.0 program was used in estimating the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for traditional Korean medical tourism through the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM). A dichotomous choice question form of a CVM was applied to estimating the value. 3. Results and Conclusion: 1. There was significant statistical relationship between attributes when considering medical tourism destination and socio-demographic profiles such as age group, nationality, educational level and occupation. 2. In the level of recognition on Korean medicine, north Americans showed low level of recognition compared to other nationalities. In addition, in terms of age group, 20's and 30's showed low level of recognition on Korean medicine, 3. In relation to the level of interest on Korean medicine, Japanese respondents had higher interesting level on Korean medicine. Also singles had higher level of interest. 4. Regarding preferred Korean medical treatment program, there found significant statistical relationship between Korean medical treatment program and socio-demographic characteristics. 5. The estimating result of the logit model showed that the variables affecting the WTP for Sasang Constitutional medicine diagnosis were offered price and potential ability of medical tourism destination. 6. In relation to WTP for Sasang Constitutional medicine diagnosis, Japanese respondents showed a WTP of USD 62.69 and Chinese respondents showed USD 57.09. On the other hands, respondents from north America and other countries showed a WTP of USD 65.50. In conclusion, from this study, the results found that the opportunities in tradition Korean medical tourism are immense and the possible rewards are numerous. It is time to continue to promote 'Sasang Constitutional medicine' and make the Korean medical tourism programs considering on nationalities, age group, gender and WTP.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

The recent experience about self-employment shows three main trends: first, its share out of the total workers has steadily increased, recording 37.6% in 2001, implying its prevalence and importance; second, its share out of male workers has caught up female workers', implying its importance to males as well as females; and finally, during the recent Economic Crisis when there was mass layoff and large scale bankruptcy, its share rapidly increased, reflecting its role of a buffer to economic fluctuation. However, there have been few studies on self-employment, mainly focusing on what makes someone choose it as an alternative to being employed. This study analyzes the determinants of the duration to terminate self-employment, by applying the proportional hazard model to the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey(KLIPS) by the Korea Labor Institute. The KLIPS started the first wave in 1998 with the 5,000 household sample (and about 12,000 individual sample of household members aged 15 and more). In this study, the first four waves are used for analysis. The average duration of 5,357 spells of self-employment is 130 months. It shows slight difference between males(124 months) and females(138 months) while it widely ranges over industries (296 months for agriculture industry while 50 months for restaurant and hotel industry). Estimates of the proportional hazard model of the self-employment duration show that females are more likely to terminate self-employment while it is not statistically significant. The effect of age at starting self-employment on the hazard shows the inverse V-shape, which implies that, until a certain age(47 years), the hazard become higher as aging while, since then, it become lower as aging. The level of education has a positive effect on the hazard, implying that more education is related to the higher probability to be employed. The measures of economic performances, annual sales and earnings, are positively related to continuing self-employment while hardship at the start of self-employment measured by several ways has a negative effect. Training before opening business has a positive effect on keeping on self-employment and its effects are different over its providers, significantly positive for public providers while insignificant for private providers. More and further research on self-employment is urgent in the rapidly ageing society. To help workers to be self-employed, more public assistance is necessary for education, training, financing, marketing, management, and human resource management in order to make the olders consider self-employment as a good alternative rather than an inevitable one.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and conscious behavior of 287 workers. The results of the study are as follows: The participants of the study were composed of 139 males $(48.4\%)$ and 148 females $(51.6\%)$. 75 workers are 25 years old or younger $(26.1\%)$. Regarding the frequency of eating out, 211 workers $(73.6\%)$ answered that they had eating out ever once a week. Males ate out more frequently than females (p<0.001). The motives for eating out was mostly for meals. This response was more frequent for female than male. To the contrary, more males answered that they ate out for the purpose of social intercourse. As the level of average monthly income increases, the purpose of eating out changed from the purpose of meals to the purpose of social intercourse (p<0.001). For cost of eating out, the older workers and those who had higher monthly income spent significantly more expenditure. However gender difference didn't make any significant difference in the eating out expenses per person. The average monthly eating out expenses were significantly higher for female than male, for the order workers than the younger, for the married than the single, and for those who have higher monthly income than lower. However, the expenses were not significantly different in occupation. Regarding the types of restaurants that the workers preferred for eating out, the most workers preferred Korean restaurant. The types of restaurants that workers preferred significantly related to all the demographic characteristics (p<0.01). In general, participants had eating out with their family. However, younger, single, and low income workers seemed to more eat out with their friends. The most preferred menu was pork dishes. Male rather than female, the married rather than the single, and those who have a professional occupation appeared to like it more. It is necessary to research the major customers' demographic characteristics and their preferences, and then to develop new goods which fit to the customers before entering the restaurant business. It may be concluded that it should be important to develop nutritious, safe, and delicious foods.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.264-279
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the differences between the types of disputes in food service franchises and the relevant corporate information. For this aim, the types of disputes were analyzed on the basis of the cases reported by the Korea Fair Trade Commission, and whether there are any differences from the relevant corporate information was analyzed using SPSS WIN(V.17.0). According to analysis results, the most often seen types of disputes were failure to provide the information disclosure sheet (58.5%) and failure to deposit franchising fee (15.1%). In Kruskal-Wallis test between the type of disputes and related corporate information variables, significant difference was found under significance level p<.05 for sales volume, the establishment period and the number of franchisees, and under p<.1 for the number of full-time employees. In correlation coefficient, the establishment period, the number of full-time employees and the number of franchisees showed positive correlation(p<.05), and the number of full-time employees showed correlation in the number of franchisees and the number of brands under the significance level p<.05. As a solution for the dispute, there should be franchisors' responsibility to comply with the principle of good faith, the authorities' strengthening exemplary transaction criteria and legal systems, as well as experts' consulting for prospective franchisees prior to establishing business.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.726-732
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• 2003

The crude extracts from Rhus javanica Linne showed comparatively strong antioxidative activity in test oils. Antioxidative components were isolated and identified by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, UV, and NMR. These antioxidative components were added to several oils to compare antioxidative activity with several commercial antioxidants, such as BHA, BHT, and tocopherol. After the sixth column chromatography, one fraction (R-18-9-3-2-4-2) was separated from chloroform layer of Rhus javanica Linne. The R-18-9-3-2-4-2 fraction was identified as methyl gallate by $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ and confirmed with methyl gallate standard as authentic. The R18-9-3-2-4-2 fraction from chloroform layer of Rhus javanica Linne showed stronger activity than that of the ${\alpha}-,\;{\delta}-tocopherol$, BHT, and BHA at the same concentration.