• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3833-3838
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• 2010

Brainwave can be the most effective means of detecting the state of the brain that changes moment by moment. Since brain has closed relations with hormones which are a foundation of metabolism, it needs to examine closely the mutual relationship between brainwave and hormone. We examined the possibility to find out such information about metabolism by comparing brainwave with cortisol hormone. The major variables are anti-stress quotient of brainwave and cortisol density which give stress information of the working women, to measure from March 3 to May 28, 2007. To find out the relationship between them, we performed such statistical analysis about the before and after of brainwave training as t-test, correlational analysis and regression analysis. We obtained following results: First, considerable changes of variables is shown by brain-wave training. Second, there exist a correlation between variables. Third, according to regression analysis, influence between variables is verified. Thus, we found that stress information of hormone analytical level can be obtined only through brainwave analysis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 1995

The effect of age on the metabolism of progesterone was studied in the rat brain. Metabolic activity was more active in minced tissues than total homogenates. The activity of progesterone $5{\alpha}-reductase(s)$ was increased during postnatal periods(between 5 and 14 days after birth) and thereafter steadily decreased up to the one-fourth level of the fetus. When $5{\alpha}-dihydroprogesterone$ was incubated with brain tissues of various ages, the change in the activity of $3{\alpha}-hydroxysteroid$ oxidoreductase$(3{\alpha}-HSOR)$ was similar to that of $5{\alpha}-reductase(s)$. These results suggest that the reduced formation of total $5{\alpha}-reduced$metabolites was due to the decreased activities of $5{\alpha}-reductase(s)$ and $3{\alpha}-HSOR$. However the level of $3{\beta}-HSOR$ remained constant regardless of the age.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the comparative study on phylogenic difference in the patterns of energy metabolism of brain slices of several vertebrate species by measuring oxygen consumptionwith glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glutamate as respiratory substrate employing Warburg's manometric method, by determination of the utilization rate of glucose using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution , and by histochemical determination using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution acid distribution , and by histochemical determination of glycogen contents. 1. Glucose enhances the oxygen consumption of brain slices of animals belinging to reptile, aves and mammalia while it shows a tendency to decrease that of animals belonging to pisces and amphibia. 2. Glucose-6--phosphate increase oxygen consumption more than glucose in every species examined, while glucose-1-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate increase that of Rana nigromaculata only . In general m, it appears that phosphosugars are more effective as a respiratory substrate to those species which have less endogenous respiration than to those having larger endogenous respiration. 3. Similar patterns of free amino acid distribution and the relative amount are found among the species and in every species examined glutamic acid is detected in the larges amount . ${\gamma}$-Amino butyric acid, glycine, alanine and aspartic acid are found in every species. 4. Ophicephalus showed less oxygen consumption than endogenous respiration when glutamate was added to the medium. When sodium fluoride was added, the oxygen consumption was some what increased . Such phenomenon wasnot found in the frog. 5. The result of histochemcial analysis of the brain showed that glycogen was abundantly present in the fish , amphibia , and especially in the reptile and that no distinctive grains of glycogen were found in the bird and mammal . From these facts, it may be supposed that anaerobic glycolysis as energy source dominates in fish and amphibia and aerobic respiration through the oxidation of glucose dominates in bird and mamal , the reptile occupying transitional position between these two categories. The way of obtaining energy for brain activity by the oxidation of glucose supplied from the circulating blood is seemed to be first acquired by reptile and the function is completed both in aves and mammal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2007

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer disease, although the mechanism is still unknown. Both folate and betaine, a choline metabolite, play essential roles in the remethylation of Hcy to methionine. Choline deficiency may be associated with low folate status and high plasma Hcy. Alterations in DNA methylation also have established critical roles for methylation in development of the nervous system. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of choline and folate deficiency on Hcy metabolism and genomic DNA methylation status of the liver and brain. Groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats were fed on a control, choline-deficient (CD), folate-deficient (FD) or choline/folate-deficient (CFD) diets for 8 weeks. FD resulted in a significantly lower hepatic folate (23%) (p<0.001) and brain folate (69%) (p<0.05) compared to the control group. However, plasma and brain folate remained unaltered by CD and hepatic folate reduced to 85% of the control by CD (p<0.05). Plasma Hcy was significantly increased by FD $(18.34{\pm}1.62{\mu}M)$ and CFD $(19.35{\pm}3.62{\mu}M)$ compared to the control $(6.29{\pm}0.60{\mu}M)$ (p<0.001), but remained unaltered by CD. FD depressed S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by 59% (p<0.001) and elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM) by 47% in liver compared to the control group (p<0.001). In contrast, brain SAM levels remained unaltered in CD, FD and CFD rats. Genomic DNA methylation status was reduced by FD in liver (p<0.05) Genomic DNA hypomethylation was also observed in brain by CD, FD and CFD although it was not significantly different from the control group. Genomic DNA methylation status was correlated with folate stores in liver (r=-0.397, p<0.05) and brain (r = -0.390, p<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, our data demonsoated that genomic DNA methylation and SAM level were reduced by folate deficiency in liver, but not in brain, and correlated with folate concentration in the tissue. The fact that folate deficiency had differential effects on SAM, SAH and genomic DNA methylation in liver and brain suggests that the Hcy metabolism and DNA methylation are regulated in tissue-specific ways.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.148-152
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• 2010

Microbial metabolism studies of yangonin (1), a major styryl lactone from Piper methysticum, have resulted in the production of three hydroxylated metabolites (2-4). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated to be 4-methoxy-6-(12-hydroxystyryl)-2-pyrone (2),4-methoxy-6-(11,12-dihydroxystyryl)-2-pyrone (3),and 4,12-dimethoxy-6-(7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrostyryl)-2-pyrone (4) on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic analyses. The compounds 3 and 4 are reported herein as microbial metabolites of yangonin for the first time.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

Drosophila melanogaster (fruits fly) is a representative model system widely used in biological studies because its brain function and basic cellular processes are similar to human beings. The whole head of the fly is often used to obtain the key function in brain-related diseases like degenerative brain diseases; however the biomolecular distribution of the head may be slightly different from that of a brain. Herein, lipid profiles of the head and dissected brain samples of Drosophila were studied using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). According to the sample types, the detection of phospholipid ions was suppressed by triacylglycerol (TAG), or the specific phospholipid signals that are absent in the mass spectrum were measured. The lipid distribution was found to be different in the wild-type and the microRNA-14 deficiency model ($miR-14{\Delta}^1$) with abnormal lipid metabolism. A few phospholipids were also profiled by comparison of the head and the brain in two fly model systems. The mass spectra showed that the phospholipid distributions in the $miR-14{\Delta}^1$ model and the wild-type were different, and principal component analysis revealed a correlation between some phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS)) in $miR-14{\Delta}^1$. The overall results suggested that brain-related lipids should be profiled using fly samples after dissection for more accurate analysis.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.24-24
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2004

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2004

Purpose: Population based structural and functional maps of the brain provide effective tools for the analysis and interpretation of complex and individually variable brain data. Brain MRI and PET standard templates and statistical probabilistic maps based on image data of Korean normal volunteers have been developed and probabilistic maps based on cytoarchitectonic data have been introduced. A quantification method using these data was developed for the objective assessment of regional intensity in the brain images. Materials and Methods: Age, gender and ethnic specific anatomical and functional brain templates based on MR and PET images of Korean normal volunteers were developed. Korean structural probabilistic maps for 89 brain regions and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps for 13 Brodmann areas were transformed onto the standard templates. Brain FDG PET and SPGR MR images of normal volunteers were spatially normalized onto the template of each modality and gender. Regional uptake of radiotracers in PET and gray matter concentration in MR images were then quantified by averaging (or summing) regional intensities weighted using the probabilistic maps of brain regions. Regionally specific effects of aging on glucose metabolism in cingulate cortex were also examined. Results: Quantification program could generate quantification results for single spatially normalized images per 20 seconds. Glucose metabolism change in cingulate gyrus was regionally specific: ratios of glucose metabolism in the rostral anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate and the caudal anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate were significantly decreased as the age increased. 'Rostral anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 3.1% per decade of age ($P<10^{-11}$, r=0.81) and 'caudal anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 1.7% ($P<10^{-8}$, r=0.72). Conclusion: Ethnic specific standard templates and probabilistic maps and quantification program developed in this study will be useful for the analysis of brain image of Korean people since the difference in shape of the hemispheres and the sulcal pattern of brain relative to age, gender, races, and diseases cannot be fully overcome by the nonlinear spatial normalization techniques.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.295-298
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• 2008

Creatine kinase (CK; E.C. 2.7.3.2) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to creatine in energy homeostasis. The brain-type cytosolic isoform of creatine kinase (BB-CK), which is found mainly in the brain and retina, is a key enzyme in brain energy metabolism, because high-energy phosphates are transfered through the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine shuttle system. The recombinant human BB-CK protein was overexpressed as a soluble form in Escherichia coli and crystallized at $22^{\circ}C$ using PEG 4000 as a precipitant. Native X-ray diffraction data were collected to $2.2{\AA}$ resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belonged to the tetragonal space group $P4_32_12$, with cell parameters of a=b=97.963, $c=164.312{\AA},\;and\;{\alpha}={\beta}={\gamma}=90^{\circ}$. The asymmetric unit contained two molecules of CK, giving a crystal volume per protein mass $(V_m)$ of $1.80{\AA}^3\;Da^{-1}$ and a solvent content of 31.6%.