• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of mineral components, health and taste index for water supply plants, spring water located in northern Gyeonggi area and bottled waters in market to analyze Ca, K, Mg Na, Si, $F^-$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$. Method: The samples were source and tap water in 15 water supply plants over 9 river basin, 172 spring water and 20 bottled water. The Ca, K, Mg Na and Si were analyzed by ICP-OES. The $F^-$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ were determined by Ion Chromatograph. Then, taste and health index were calculated using Hashimoto equation. Results: The average concentration of major minerals showed in same order of Ca > Na > Mg > K for all kinds of drinking water from water supply plants, spring waters and bottled waters. Total concentration of major minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na) was calculated that showed 26.79 mg/L of tap water, 21.81 mg/L of spring water, 32.94 mg/L of bottled water on average. So, the spring waters indicated the lowest minerals sum. The tap water from water supply plants was categorized to Group I, II for 33.3, 44.4% according to K-index and O-index. Otherwise, spring water was classified as Group I, II for 44.0, 46.3%. Conclusion: According to the results of K and O-index, water from water supply plant showed higher K-index which means good for the health. Otherwise, spring water indicated higher O-index that people can feel more delicious than tap water. Futhermore, the mineral distribution of source water from water supply plants and spring water had indicated high correlation with geological effect.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.221-229
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• 2015

This study aims to identify and analyze the main factors that determine the properties and buying behavior in the premium bottled select and analyze the degree of impact on the relevant variables are premium water demand. When applied to the truncated negative binomial model to derive the study results: The results of estimating the variables that affect the demand for premium mineral water are as follows. Premium bottled water demand of this group my purchases with a choice between buying behavior variables are significantly higher than the relative population. To also do a good ingredient water, it appeared to be on a statistically significant positive effect on the demand for the more groups you purchase a premium bottled water for the purpose of receiving special feeling, just buy purpose is called to drinking water does not significantly affect to be analyzed. Among demographic characteristics it showed that demand for premium bottled water purchases are significantly higher in women than in men, professional / clerical job, such as the military, college graduates were more consumer research as significant in comparison to the relative population. Taste and package design factors of premium bottled mineral water among the select attribute factors are having a significant positive impact on the purchasing demand, local conditions and cost factors have been estimated to be insignificant.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2011

This study was performed to compare international analytical methods of bromide and applied to determine bromide in bottled mineral water and raw ground water in Korea. Bromide in water was eluted by 10~50 mM potassium hydroxide (KOH) and determined by ion chromatography-suppressed conductivity detector (IC-CD). Sample was purified with Ba- and H-on-guard cartridge and $0.2\;{\mu}m$ membrane filter. The method detection limit (MDL) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of bromide were 0.2 and $0.5\;{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The calibration curve showed good lineality above 0.9993 in the ranges of the $0.5\sim80\;{\mu}g/L$. A correlation coefficient of bromide in ground water and sum of bromide and bromate in bottled mineral water is 0.808.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the contents of minerals and ionic components in domestic commercial natural mineral waters, and to investigate the relationship between water quality and characteristics of suspended and rocks there of its source. All mineral waters tested in this study met the korean mineral water quality guideline, although chemical components varied widely depending upon the geological characteristics and degree of urbanization of the source area or physical water treatment method. The water quality of commercial bottled water was different from that of source water, especially in cationic components, and showed a tendency to become worse with time elapsed. The water quality on the bottle was also different from the measured quality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

The knowledge on the migration of antimony (Sb) from PET bottles into the water is of greate concern. Antimony in all bottled water marketed in korea and in raw water was analyzed. The detection rate of antimony in total bottled water was 88 % and 100% in PET (Polyethylene terephthalate, PET), 55% in PC (Polycarbonate, PC) bottled water. 55% of raw water contained antimony. The average concentration of Sb in PET bottled water was $0.39{\mu}g/L$, higher than PC bottles ($0.20{\mu}g/L$) and the raw water ($0.22{\mu}g/L$). The migration of Sb into water that is stored in different conditions (room temperature, $45^{\circ}C$, and direct sunlight exposure) was investigated for 180 days. The migration tendency increased with the storage time and temperature. PET bottles showed a sharp increase of Sb concentration at $45^{\circ}C$, but there was no differences between the room temperature and sunlight exposure. The Sb migration in all simulated solution(deionized water, 4% acetic acid, and 20% ethanol) also increased with storage time and temperature. The Sb migration values ranged from 0.35 to $0.49{\mu}g/L$ in all simulated solution, which was far below the permissible korean migration level of $40{\mu}g/L$. There was a tendency that the number of re-use of a bottle and the amount of leaching were in inverse proportion.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.spc1
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• pp.827-832
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• 2020

The catchment management experiences of the Evian natural mineral water (NMW) bottling company were reviewed. Evian is among the leading brands of bottled NMW in France, exporting worldwide and becoming a role model for companies in many countries due to its long-term experiences in sustainably managing NMW source areas. Experiences of bottled water companies in France show that they are incessantly moving forward with proactive and advanced ideas to meet environmental challenges. For business sustainability, companies are dedicated to improving their environmental performance through effective and planned resource management. Evian has been working with the local community in a spirit of co-ownership to invent and preserve the water resource and fulfill its ambition of sustainable industrial functioning. The partnership aims to balance the protection of the NMW resource and sustainable agricultural development within the catchment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the use habit of drinking water. The survey data were collected from 1,282 of students and 175 of officers from September 1990 to June 1991 in Pusan city and the South of Kyung sang-do. The use rate of tap water among respondents was 33.5%, and the reasons that the others avoid using tap water were having the risk of heavy metals contamination and unsanitary. The 80% of respondents have drunk spring water or bottled water within two or three years. The keeping method of them were 53% in the refrigerator, and 33% in the indoor. The use rate of water vessels what were equipped in mineral springs was 85%. It's advisable that the picking of mineral water be cautious within two or three days after rain. The holding rate of water purifier in respondents was about 20%, and it was purchased within one or two years and the reliance degree of that in users was below 50%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.425-435
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• 2023

Organoleptic parameters such as color, odor, and flavor influence consumer perception of drinking water quality. This study aims to evaluate the taste of the selected bottled and tap water samples using an electronic tongue (E-tongue) instead of a sensory test. Bottled and tap water's mineral components are related to the overall preference for water taste. Contrary to the sensory test, the potentiometric E-tongue method presented in this study distinguishes taste by measuring the mineral components in water, and the data obtained can be statistically analyzed. Eleven bottled water products from various brands and one tap water from I city in Korea were evaluated. The E-tongue data were statistically analyzed using multivariate statistical tools such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results show that the E-tongue method can clearly distinguish taste discrimination in drinking water differing in water quality based on the ion-related water quality parameters. The water quality parameters that affect taste discrimination were found to be total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2-), chloride (Cl^-), potassium (K⁺) and pH. The distance calculation of HCA was used to quantify the differences between 12 different types of drinking water. The proposed E-tongue method is a practical tool to quantitatively evaluate the differences between samples in water quality items related to the ionic components. It can be helpful in quality control of drinking water.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.431-440
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• 2014

Since the establishment of the Groundwater Act in Korea in 1993, the national policy on groundwater has focused on the preservation and management of groundwater, which should be used only as a subsidiary water resource. However, population growth, increased water demand, climate change, and the need for uniform water distribution have brought changes to groundwater policy, and have led to the prioritization of development projects such as groundwater dams and river bank filtration. Population growth, changes to the water environment, and increased water risks have all played a role in triggering rapid growth within the water industry; the size of the investment in water resources will also continue to increase worldwide. Until now, private wells and bottled mineral water have led the groundwater industry in South Korea. However, a new area of the groundwater industry, which includes the health and medical sciences, employs groundwater properties derived from regional geology, and is growing. This requires the advancement of groundwater research and technical development connected with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and medical science, and that the public development of groundwater and its various applications is expanded through locating groundwater in the core of the water industry cluster.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.1 s.55
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• pp.55-63
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• 2005

Ground water samples of 275 were collected from Gapyeong county which it contained six-eup and myeon and analyzed for 12 mineral inorganics extending from March to October in 2004. Among the inorganics, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Copper and Zinc had more than $70\%$ of detection frequencies, which coincided with essential inorganics required by the human body. The average values of inorganic contents by sampling sites were insignificant. Fluorine contents of 8 samples, $2.9\%$ of 275 samples, exceeded KDWR, and it was considered to be affected by a base rock being made up granite and gneiss because there were not polluting sources around. It is necessary to find out relation between geological characteristics and mineral inorganics in ground water through the further investigation. Compared to noted concentrations of bottled water, inorganic minerals including Calcium, magnesium, Sodium and Potassium related to taste were fluent double in target samples and those average concentrations were 14.80, 3.80, 7.60, and $2.31\cal{mg/L}$ respectively.