• 제목/요약/키워드: Bill form

검색결과 39건 처리시간 0.028초

A Study on the Algorithm Transparency Act and Right to Explanation - Focus on the Review of Algorithm Transparency Act -

  • Lee, Young-Woo
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제26권11호
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    • pp.233-236
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    • 2021
  • 최근 정의당에서 이른바 '알고리즘 투명화법'이라 불리는 법안의 입법을 추진하고 있다. 이 법안은 류호정 의원이 2021년 6월 25일 대표발의한 「정보통신망법」 개정안으로서 방송통신위원회 산하에 별도 위원회를 구성하여 누구든 영리 목적으로 운영되는 조직에 알고리즘 검색과 배열 원리의 설명을 요구할 권리를 갖도록 하는 것이 골자이며, 해당 법안은 알고리즘에 관한 최소주의적 규제를 통해 공정경쟁과 노동자의 안전을 도모하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라는 알고리즘을 기업비밀로 취급하여 공개하지 않으나 반면, 유럽연합(EU)에서는 알고리즘 규제와 관련하여 개인정보보호규정(GDPR)을 시행하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 국회에 발의되어 있는 '알고리즘 투명화법안'의 주요 내용을 정리하고, 유럽연합(EU)의 알고리즘 관련 법·제도 현황과 알고리즘 투명성 제고에 대한 내용을 검토해 보고자 한다.

매크로 파라메트릭 방법론은 이용한 CAD 모델의 교환 (Exchange of CAD Models Using Macro Parametric Approach)

  • 문두환;한순흥
    • 한국CDE학회논문집
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    • 제6권4호
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    • pp.254-262
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    • 2001
  • It is not possible to exchange parametric information of CAD (Computer Aided Design) models based on the current version of STEP (Standard leer the Exchange of Product model data). The design intent can be lost during the STEP transfer of CAD models. The ISO Parametrics Group has proposed the SMCH (Solid Model Construction History) schema in June 2000 that includes structures fur exchange of parametric information. This paper proposes the macro parametric approach that is intended to provide capabilities to transfer parametric information. In this approach, CAD models are exchanged in the form of macro files. The macro file contains user commands which are used in the modeling phase. To exchange CAD models using the macro parametric approach, modeling commands of commercial CAD systems are analyzed. Those commands are classified by the grouping method suggested by Bill Anderson. As a neutral file format, a standard modeling commands set has been defined. Mapping relations between the standard modeling commands set and the native modeling commands set of commercial CAD systems are defined.

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영법상 불공정계약조항의 구제 (Regulation of Unfair Contract Terms in English Law)

  • 이병문
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제21권
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    • pp.3-37
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    • 2003
  • English law accepts the basic principle of freedom of contract that the parties should be free to agree on any terms that they like unless their agreement is illegal or otherwise contrary to public policy because it infringes some public interest. On the other hand, it has been limited for hundreds of years on the basis that certain contract terms, particularly in standard form, may alter a distribution of risks that the customer would reasonably intended. The alteration may often result from his simple ignorance caused by either lack of opportunity to become aware of clauses or inability to understand their full potential implications. In addition, it may also result from disparity in bargaining power which does not allow the customer to look after their own interests even if he is fully aware of the unacceptable clauses. In response to this problem, English law has employed both judicial and statutory intervention techniques to control unfair contract terms. This study describes and analyzes in detail how English law regulates such terms, particularly, in standard form, in order to provide legal advice to our sellers residing either in UK or in Korea who plan to enter into UK markets. It also attempts to explore any problem in the existing double legislations of UCTA and UTCCR and put forward future direction of English law in light of the Draft Unfair Terms Bill which was currently proposed by the Law Commissioners. The main concern of this paper will be confined to some of the various aspects of both judicial and statutory control of unfair contract terms in English law which may draw our attention in terms of domestic or international business sales.

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기업간 전자상거래로의 시장환경 변화와 기업의 활로 모색 (The Change of Market Environment toward B-to-B E-Commerce and Groping Ways out of the Difficulties of Companies)

  • 최원익
    • 한국전자거래학회지
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.81-99
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    • 2001
  • The world is now meeting the era of e-commerce by development of information technology and the fast increase of use of internet. So, Korean government prepared "the colligation plan for electronic commerce activating" and WTO decides to prolong no custom on e-commerce till November 2001 when the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference holds a meeting. OECD discussed the construction of intellectual property rights of the global dimension at the Global Forum on January 2001 and reached to research the social influence of B-to-B e-commerce and to pursue the acceleration of e-commerce. UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) enacted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce in order to activate e-commerce, and Bolero.net serves electronic Bill of Lading to facilitate cyber trading. The purpose of this paper is to present the direction of confrontation to the these internal and external changes of business environment to Korean enterprises. Off-line enterprises should move fast to e-commerce on the condition that the existing trading at the original markets runs parallel with e-commerce. n needed, off-line enterprises should consider M&A with existing on-line firms. Also, off-line firms make use of Bolero system so that they can carry through paperless trade which means the achievement of efficiency in trading, On-line enterprises should advertise in the form of banner by combination of push and pull styles. B-to-B e-commerce firms should not depend on only the commissions, but they should create characteristic earnings by their peculiar services.

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의료과오소송에 있어 입증책임 완화에 따른 의료과실의 의미와 판단기준 (The Meaning and Criterion of Medical Malpractice(negligence) from Moderating the Burden of Proof in a Medical Malpractice Suit)

  • 김용빈
    • 의료법학
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.57-127
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    • 2008
  • In medical malpractice lawsuits, negligence is generally defined as conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from a foreseeable risks of harm. Thus, the essence of negligence is a breach of obligations to be attentive, and the breach of obligations to be is negligence. However, whether negligence is or not depends on time, place, litigation forms and the judge since the meaning of negligence is wavering on the basis of abstract and normative judgment. In this thesis, what is medical negligence, a breach of obligations of attention for a doctor in medical malpractice lawsuits, would be it further enacted that doctors have the responsibility to protect the patients as a subordinate duty due to a principle of faith and sincerity besides the main duty for medical contract-performance since the suit is a litigation form to be based on responsibilities of experts, especially doctors, though having factors that are non-contractual as a trait for medical treatment. Further on the concept, when the plaintiff asserts and proves a specific fact from the recent moderation of the burden of proof about medical malpractices, whether the court should find a true bill in medical malpractice actually or not has been discussed.

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ISBP상의 복합운송서류의 일치성에 관한 심사기준 (Examination Criteria on the Compliance of Multimodal Transport Document in the ISBP)

  • 전순환
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.219-243
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    • 2005
  • The Purpose of this Article is to analyze the examination criteria on the compliance of multimodal transport document in the ISBP. When the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator, he shall issue a multimodal transport document which, at the option of the consignor, shall be in either negotiable or non-negotiable form. The multimodal transport document shall be signed by the multimodal transport operator or by a person having authority from him. When the multimodal transport document is presented by the beneficiary to the bank in the letter of credit operations, the bank should examinate the bill of exchange and/or shipping documents, including multimodal transport document. There are two rules in connection with examination of the documents in the letter of credit operations. One is the "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits(UCP 500)" approved by the Banking Commission in March 10, 1993, the other is the "International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Letters of Credits(ISBP)" approved by the ICC Banking Commission in October 2002. Therefore, this Article has studied the multimodal transport document presented under documentary credits on the basis of the UCP 500 and the ISBP it reflects.

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Enhancement of Downward-Facing Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer by the Cold Spray Technique

  • Sohag, Faruk A.;Beck, Faith R.;Mohanta, Lokanath;Cheung, Fan-Bill;Segall, Albert E.;Eden, Timothy J.;Potter, John K.
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제49권1호
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    • pp.124-133
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    • 2017
  • In-vessel retention by passive external reactor vessel cooling under severe accident conditions is a viable approach for retention of radioactive core melt within the reactor vessel. In this study, a new and versatile coating technique known as "cold spray" that can readily be applied to operating and advanced reactors was developed to form a microporous coating on the outer surface of a simulated reactor lower head. Quenching experiments were performed under simulated in-vessel retention by passive external reactor vessel cooling conditions using test vessels with and without cold spray coatings. Quantitative measurements show that for all angular locations on the vessel outer surface, the local critical heat flux (CHF) values for the coated vessel were consistently higher than the corresponding CHF values for the bare vessel. However, it was also observed for both coated and uncoated surfaces that the local rate of boiling and local CHF limit vary appreciably along the outer surface of the test vessel. Nonetheless, results of this intriguing study clearly show that the use of cold spray coatings could enhance the local CHF limit for downward-facing boiling by > 88%.

디자인의 형태와 기능에 관한 연구 (Essay on Form and Function Design)

  • 이재국
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.63-97
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    • 1989
  • There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

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건강장애 학생의 상호소통 및 교육을 위한 로봇 개발에 대한 연구 (A Study on Development of Robot for Mutual Communication and Education of Students with Health Impairments)

  • 류근재;강정배;김창걸;김경식;송병섭
    • 한국산업정보학회논문지
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.15-24
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    • 2014
  • 건강장애 학생이 특수교육 지원 대상자로 2005년 특수교육진흥법이 일부 개정되었고, 이후 교육적 약자로 분류되는 이들을 지원하기 위한 교육지원 시스템이 제안되었으며 현재는 정착이 되어 이들에게 무상으로 지원되고 있다. 법안이 개정된 초기에 대다수의 연구자들은 이들을 지원하기 위한 효과적인 교육 서비스의 형태에 관한 연구를 진행하였으며, 근래에는 이러한 연구를 바탕으로 지원되고 있는 서비스의 만족도와 문제점 도출에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 이러한 사전 연구자들의 연구는 문제점 도출에 그칠 뿐 그 문제점을 보안하기 위한 근본적 대책을 제시하는데 있어 그 한계를 보이고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 사전 문헌의 고찰을 통해 건강장애의 의미를 파악하며, 현재 이들에게 지원되는 서비스의 형태와 각 서비스의 문제점을 파악하고자 한다. 아울러 파악된 문제점을 해결하기 위한 새로운 지원시스템을 제안하였으며, 제안된 시스템의 성능 테스트를 위하여 각 문항 당 Likert 5점 척도로 구성된 사용자 만족도 조사를 하였으며, 또한 대상자의 시스템 사용 중 시스템의 영상 및 음성전송의 품질에 대한 주관적 평가의 질을 높이기 위하여 이야기 비교하기와 손뼉치기와 같은 2가지의 과제를 실시하여 그 결과를 도출하였다. 그 결과 로봇시스템의 전반적 평가에 대해서는 각 문항의 평균점수가 4.31점으로 높게 나왔으며, 2가지의 과제를 통하여 영상과 음성의 전송에 문제가 없음을 알 수 있었다.

Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010의 근원과 일부 규정의 문제점에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Origin of the Incoterms and Regulation Problems of Some Rules in the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010)

  • 오세창;박성호
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제57권
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    • pp.35-60
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    • 2013
  • The Incoterms which is one of the most useful international instrument for sale of goods provides when a contract goods deliver, risk passes and how costs are allocated between seller and buyer on the contract as long as they agree to use a rule of the Incoterms rules. The Incoterms rules have come into effective to use for an international or domestic trade of goods since January 2011, which have been modified several times since these established by ICC in 1936. The origin of Incoterms rules may had been appeared from English traditional FOB terms that had been affected to American regulations for the sale of goods. The Incoterms rules which had been started from the traditional English FOB terms and American FOB terms have been expanded other trade terms, such as CIF. Although FOB is based on the COD(Cash on Delivery), it is possible replaced COD to CAD(Cash against Delivery) through the use of Bill of Lading and Letter of Credit in the international sale of goods between seller and buyer according to the development of infrastructures on the international commercial transactions. This article exercises the process of transition of the Incoterms rules, being based on the English and American traditional FOB contract form through review literatures, judical precedents and provisions. Then this article provides some feasible alternatives to attempting to resolve some regulation problems of FCA, CPT, CIP, and D-rules in the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010.

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