• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2003

Objectives: The authors intended to evaluate long-term outcome of group cognitive behavioral therapy(GCBT) for panic disorder and examined the variables to predict high end-state functioning in 12 months follow-up. Methods: 236 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder were assessed by STAI, ASI, BDI, BSQ, PBQ, ACQ at pre & post treatment, and were asked about the frequency of panic attacks during recent one month. We executed stepwise discriminant analysis on the clinical variables at pre treatment assessment to find the variables for discriminating between high end-state function(HES) and low end-state function(LES). Results: After GCBT, 82.6% of panic patients maintained high end-state functioning at 12 months follow-up. The results of discriminant analysis showed that BDI and BSQ at pre treatment assessment were significant variables to predict end-state functioning at 12 months follow-up. The hit ratio of discriminant analysis was 69.2%. Conclusion: These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of GCBT can be maintained through 12 months. Especially, it is likely that patients who were less depressed and who had less experienced the fear of physical symptoms at pre-treatment can maintain HES.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 1998

Medication is widely accepted as an effective method to reduce the problem of attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity, resistance and violence of ADHD children. However, it does not provide us with the solution on the conflicting routinized behavioral patterns to gain a high level of self-control and acceptable behavior. As a way of replacing medication, this study applies the social skills training program for ADHD children and measures the level of improvement of social skills and the change of the behavioral patterns. The experiment is carried out on 16 children ranged from 6 to 13 years of age for 10 weeks. The patients are divided into three groups：a pure ADHD group, an ADHD group with conduct disorder, an ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms. The change of symptoms and the change of social skills are measured by the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL), the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher’s Rating Scale(ACTeRS) and the Social Skills Rating Scale(SSRS), and finally Mastson Evaluation of Social Skills for Youth(MESSY). Wilcoxon signed ranks test is used to evaluate the effect of the treatment, and Kruskal-Wallis test is also used to measure the change after the treatment in each of the three groups. In the ADHD group with conduct disorder, the examination of the effect of the treatment shows a significant reduction of violence in the area of behavior(p<.05), and a significant difference of activity and social skills in the area of social competent(p<.001). In the ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms, a significant rise of social skills is found in the area of social skills evaluation (p<.05). However, there is no significant difference of effect by the treatment among the three groups. In addition, the current examination shows that the social skills training program does not make a statistically significant contribution to the social skills of the ADHD children. On the other hand, the training helps some children, when it is suitable for the characteristics and accompanying symptoms of the children：it reduces the level of violence in the ADHD group with conduct disorder, and it raises the social skills in the ADHD group with mental retardation. In other words, the social skills training program will reduce the conduct disorder and helps peer relation for ADHD children.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2016

Objectives : The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale-Revised is a recently revised scale which has been reported as a valid tool for the assessment of depressive symptoms. It encompasses cardinal symptoms of depression described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, fourth edition. In this study, we assessed the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Korean version of the CESD-R(K-CESD-R). Methods : Forty-eight patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder, dysthymia, depressive disorder NOS according to the DSM-IV criteria using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and 48 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. They were assessed with K-CESD-R, K-MADRS, PHQ-9, KQIDS-SR, STAI to check cross-validation. Statistical analyses were performed using calculation of Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, Principal Component Analysis, ROC curve and optimal cut-off value. Results : The Cronbach's alpha of K-CESD-R was 0.98. The total score of K-CESD-R revealed significantly high correlations with those of K-MADRS, PHQ-9, KQIDS-SR(r=0.910, 0.966 and 0.920, p<0.001, respectively). Factor analysis showed two factors account for 76.29% of total variance. We suggested the optimal cut-off value of K-CESD-R as 13 according to analysis of the ROC curve which value sensitivity and specificity both equally. Conclusions : These Results showed that the K-CESD-R could be a reliable and valid scale to assess depressive symptoms. The K-CESD-R is expected as a useful and effective tool for screening and measuring depressive symptoms not only in outpatient clinic but also epidemiologic studies.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.79-102
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify school adjustment groups by applying a Latent Profile Analysis(LPA) and to investigate the effects of children's emotional problems and study habits on determining the membership of these groups. LPA and multiple logistic regression were conducted using the data of 2,200 third-graders from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Study. The results are listed as follows. First, four school adjustment groups were identified: adjustment, approach to adjustment, maladjustment risk, and maladjustment group. Second, accomplishment value and mastery goal orientation were relatively strong predictors of membership of the school adjustment groups. Time management was also a significant variable that predicted the membership of maladjustment or the maladjustment-risk group. Third, attention problems and depression were the most consistent predictors of membership of maladjustment or the maladjustment-risk group. Physical symptoms and social withdrawal were also significant. Based on the results, implications for intervention to promote early school adjustment were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.27-48
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to develop the stress coping program for pregnant adolescent to alleviate the stress levels and symptoms, and to cope with the stress adequately. The program of this study was based on the cognitive-behavioral theory and the stress management. The program was done twice a week totally 8 times and preview meeting was done 1 week before the program and follow-up was formed 4 weeks after finishing the program. one-group pretest-posttest design was held and the group was 13. In case of qualitative research, the content of discussion in the course of group process, investigation, and the materials which were made from the group members were classified and analysed to the objects of program. first, the common change of members was reduction of stress levels by attending stress management program. Second, the coping skills for stress were verified and improved. More than one new coping skills were acquired such as positive re-evaluation, persuasion, self-talk, I-message communication method, assertive self-expression, and problem settlement. Third, the group members admitted their irrational beliefs and partially had a change of it. The implications for the future practice are discussed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2013

Healthcare providers in Korea are using conservative pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to delay the progress of the disease or to mitigate its behavioral and neurological symptoms. However, there is a growing need for interventions using practical non-pharmacologic treatment, as the effects of pharmacological treatments has faced limitations. This research provided a cognitive rehabilitation program to 3 AD patients and used a multiple baseline design across subjects to examine the effects. Performing reality orientation therapy (ROT) for 1 cycle (4 weeks) resulted in a slight increase in accuracy and responsiveness on an orientation task, mainly with patients with mild cases of AD. Also, in the sub-domain of the Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination performed to examine changes in cognitive ability, there were minimal changes in place orientation. In functional communication, however, there were no significant differences before and after the intervention. In conclusion, we found that ROT was an effective intervention for improving accuracy and responsiveness in the orientation of patients with mild cases of AD. In future studies, the effect of non-pharmacological interventions can be evaluated more reliably by examining the interaction effects of sample size, length of the intervention, outcome measurements, and pharmacological intervention.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2001

Whenever a clinician manages the patients with depression, he may meet various problems that make it difficult to treat them. Even though he has good skills and knowledge about depression, some barriers will be appear during his practice. In general, the difficulties in treating depression are treatment-resistance, adverse effects of antidepressants, pregnancy in female patients, comorbid medical conditions, poor compliance, drug-drug interactions, and so on, which are related with pharmacological treatments. Here, only the two of them, the treatment-resistant depression and difficult problems concerned with pregnancy, were discussed. Some level of treatment resistance is the norm rather than the exception. As the treatment failure stems from inadequate treatment, it is important that the clinician should prescribe medications with sufficient doseage and adequate duration. And to overcome the treatment resistant depression the polypharmacy is necessary, in that case, the side effects and toxicities should be explored and managed immediately. So the clinician have to learn more about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of each drugs used in treatment of depression. When the risk of the fetus by the exposure is higher than the risk of untreated maternal psychiatric disorder, psychotropic medications should be used during pregnancy. Women who are maintained on psychotropics and become pregnant, as well as women with the new onset of psychiatric symptoms during pregnancy, should be carefully reassessed. However, data concerning the potential risk of long-term behavioral changes following prenatal exposure to psychotropics is rare, so further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the anti-depression effect of Guibiondamtang in rat model of depression. The rats in the experiment were stratified into 3 groups, ie, Guibiondamtang, saline, normal (non-stressed) groups. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress such as white noise, flashing lights and restriction of food and water, causes the behavioral symptoms correspondent to depression. Consumption of 1% sucrose solution fell in rats exposed to CMS for 4 weeks. In the open field test , the exploratory activity ie. locomotion and centering decreased after CMS. We then evaluated the sucrose consumption and activity during 4 weeks of treatment with experimental drugs. The results were as follows: 1) There was no relation between sucrose intake and weight. 2) The Guibiondamtang(歸脾溫膽湯) group reinstated sucrose consumption within 5-6 weeks while having no influence on sucrose intake in normal group. 3) The Guibiondamtang(歸脾溫膽湯) group restored some exploratory activity in the open field test. 4) The Guibiondamtang-group had a-reduced potentiated startle response.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

School violence is known to cause various emotional, behavioral and social problems. Low self-esteem, lack of self consciousness, sense of alienation, guilty consciousness, somatoform symptoms and low concentration happened to adolescent victims. This patient was suffering for school violence during about a year, then Pain disorder occurred to him. Neurofeedback has been used as a complementary therapeutic relaxation and a increasing self-esteem technique. This patient, is a 13-year- boy, who had been exposed school violence for a year and caused severe and constant pain, was successfully treated by Neurofeedback therapy with oriental medication. This case report is focused on treatment through these methods.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.287-299
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• 2005

Dissociative disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a sudden loss of memory, but which has no organic disease or explanation. It usually occurs after heavy psychosocial stress or traumatic experience. A transient cerebral ischemic attack (TIA) is an acute episode of temporary and focal loss of cerebral function of vascular origin. TIAs are rapid in onset; symptoms reach their maximal manifestation in fewer than 5 minutes. Manifestations are of variable duration and typically last 2-15 minutes(rarely as long as 24 h). Most TIA durations are less than 1 hour. Of concern is the careful detection of changes in behavior, speech, gait, memory, movement, and vision. TIAs are uncommon in persons younger than 60 years. I treat 6 cases of Sudden Temporary Amnesia Patients with oriental medicine and they are improved. All of them had amnesia for $6{\sim}10\;hours$. During that time, they show behavioral changes and they are not on the state of unconsciousness. After recovery, they also forget what happen at the time. they have some emotional reason too. In conclusion, 4 cases of them belong to dissociative disorder and 2 other cases, TIA.