• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.99-113
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• 2022

This study examined the effect of maternal cognitive empathy on children's executive function focusing on mediating effects of preschooler's caring behavior and happiness. The subject of this study was 460 five-year-old preschooler-their mother dyads in Korea. Data were collected by Korean Version of Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy(K-QCAE), Caring Behaviors Scale for Young Children, Happiness Scale for Young Children and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version(BRIEF-P). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, structural equation model and bootstrapping test with SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0 program. The major results were as follows. 1) Maternal cognitive empathy had a positive influence on preschooler's caring behavior. 2) Preschooler's caring behavior had a positive influence on happiness and executive function. 3) Preschooler's happiness had a positive influence on executive function. 4) The effect of maternal cognitive empathy on preschooler's executive function was mediated by preschooler's caring behavior. 5) The effect of maternal cognitive empathy on preschooler's executive function was sequentially mediated by preschooler's caring behavior and happiness. This study revealed that maternal cognitive empathy, preschooler's caring behavior, and happiness have an important role in preschooler's executive function. Most of all, we suggest that maternal cognitive empathy should be improved to promote preschooler's executive function. The findings of this study will contribute to designing intervention programs to improve preschooler's executive function as well as maternal empathy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.453-461
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored. Methods: Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. Results: 1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression ($\beta$=.29, p<.001). Conclusion: The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to find associations between specific symptoms and suicidal behavior by using global severity on depression scales. Methods : Data were obtained from 1,183 patients of CRESCEND study. Factor analysis of the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was used to compare symptom clusters between the past suicide attempters and the non-suicide attempters, among the patients with depressive disorders. Results : Factor analyses of HAM-D and BDI-II extracted three factors. Suicide attempters had significantly higher scores on core factor of HAM-D, including depressed mood, feeling of guilt, suicide, work, and activities. The higher scores on all factors of BDI-II or scores correlated with a total of 7 suicide attempts and with known risk factors for suicidal behavior. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the suicide attempters complained of more cognitive, affective, somatic symptoms on BDI-II, but the core factor on HAM-D was the only differentiated factor between the two groups. Clinician-rated scales as well as self-reported questionnaires were valid in measuring suicidal attempts, and the clinical profile may help in guiding the studies of biological correlates and the treatments to reduce suicide risk.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2006

Object : Nerve growth factor(NGF) is a protein involved in neuronal survival and plasticity in the central nervous system, which might play an important role in stress, depression and suicide. This study was performed to determine whether there is an alteration in plasma NGF concentrations in depressed patients with suicidal attempt. Methods : The subjects were 32 depressed patients who attempted suicide and admitted in emergency room. Forty-four hospitalized non-suicidal depressive patients and the 30 normal controls were closely matched with the suicidal group in terms of age and sex. Individuals in all 3 groups were evaluated independently by a semi-structured interview for the purpose of establishing a DSM-IV criteria diagnosis. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using Hamilton depression rating scale(HDRS). The severity of the suicidal behavior was evaluated by Weisman and Worden's risk-rescue rating(RRR) system and the Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale(LSARS). Plasma NGF level was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method. Results : There were no statistically significant differences of the plasma NGF levels among groups. LSARS and RRR did not reveal any significant correlation with ${\beta}$-NGF level in suicidal depressive patients. Conclusion : This study do not support an association between ${\beta}$-NGF and suicidal depression. However it is necessary to investigate this association through other route such as postmortem brain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2011

Objectives: Alcohol problems of parents have an influence on not only their psychological problems but also on their children's psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study was to compare the emotional and behavioral problems, including school bullying and social skills, between children of alcoholics (COAs) and children of non-alcoholics (non-COAs). Methods: We recruited $4^{th}$ grade children (n=741) from 7 primary schools in Seoul and their parents as subjects. The self-rated psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Korean version of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST-K), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSES), the School Bullying Scale, the Social Skill Rating Scale and the Korean version of Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent (AEQ-A). The Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ARS) was completed by the parents. Results: 518 children were non-COAs and 223 were COAs. The COAs showed higher CDI and ARS-IV scores and lower RSES scores than the non-COAs. Especially, the COAs also showed higher school bullying scale scores and lower cooperative scale scores on the social skill rating scales. But there was no difference of alcohol expectancy between the COAs and non-COAs. Conclusion: It was plausible that the COAs had more behavioral & psychosocial problems than the non-COAs among the school aged children. It is important to identify and intervene to solve the problems of peer relationships of school age COAs in order to prevent victimization by bullying and to improve psychosocial adaptation.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.200-210
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between menopausal symptoms and decline in cognitive functioning of menopausal women with mediating effects of health promoting behavior. Methods: Using a convenience sampling, 140 menopausal women were recruited for the cross-sectional survey. Data were collected by using the Menopause Rating Scale, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Everyday Cognition, and Korean Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: The mean scores for menopausal symptoms, health promotion behavior, and subjective cognitive decline were 14.40, 153.79, and 67.40 respectively. Health promotion behavior was directly affected by menopausal symptom ($R^2=8%$). Cognitive decline was directly affected by menopausal symptom ($R^2=11%$). Menopausal symptom (${\beta}=.33$, p<.001) and health promotion behavior (${\beta}=.21$, p=.014) were found to be predictive factors in subjective cognitive decline and explained 14%. Health promotion behavior had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between menopausal symptom and perceived cognitive decline (Sobel test: Z=2.05, p=.040). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, developing nursing intervention programs focusing on decreasing menopausal symptoms and encouraging health promotion behavior are recommended to improve cognitive decline in menopausal women.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-282
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• 1996

Different aspects of morality, namely, moral belief, moral judgement and moral behavior have been studied seperately. This study examined the development of these three aspects of morality in relation to internal attribution in one sample. A total of 371, third -and sixth- grade children from Masan city were responded to questionnaires on moral belief, moral judgement, and attibutional tendency. In addition, children's moral behavior was measured by the teachers' 5-item rating scale. As results, there were signigicant but low correlations among three components of morality. There were developmental differences in moral belief and moral judgement but there was no age difference in moral behavior. Compared to third graders, sixth graders were higher in moral judgement but lower in moral belief. Social experience as well as cognitive development on moral relativity could explain this paradoxical developmental trend in moral belief. There was a sex difference only on moral behavior : Girls were rated higher in moral behavior than boys. Internal attribution was significantly correlated with all three aspects of morality, .15 with moral belief, .45 with moral judgement, .14 with moral behavior, respectively. There was a significant developmental difference but no sex difference in attributional tendency: Sixth graders reported higher internal attribution than third graders. However, there was no developmental difference in correlations among internal attribution and three aspects of morality. Most importantly, internal attribution explained morality better than either age -or sex- variable. It was suggested that educational programs on morality need to focus on the internalization of it.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 1998

Medication is widely accepted as an effective method to reduce the problem of attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity, resistance and violence of ADHD children. However, it does not provide us with the solution on the conflicting routinized behavioral patterns to gain a high level of self-control and acceptable behavior. As a way of replacing medication, this study applies the social skills training program for ADHD children and measures the level of improvement of social skills and the change of the behavioral patterns. The experiment is carried out on 16 children ranged from 6 to 13 years of age for 10 weeks. The patients are divided into three groups：a pure ADHD group, an ADHD group with conduct disorder, an ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms. The change of symptoms and the change of social skills are measured by the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL), the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher’s Rating Scale(ACTeRS) and the Social Skills Rating Scale(SSRS), and finally Mastson Evaluation of Social Skills for Youth(MESSY). Wilcoxon signed ranks test is used to evaluate the effect of the treatment, and Kruskal-Wallis test is also used to measure the change after the treatment in each of the three groups. In the ADHD group with conduct disorder, the examination of the effect of the treatment shows a significant reduction of violence in the area of behavior(p<.05), and a significant difference of activity and social skills in the area of social competent(p<.001). In the ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms, a significant rise of social skills is found in the area of social skills evaluation (p<.05). However, there is no significant difference of effect by the treatment among the three groups. In addition, the current examination shows that the social skills training program does not make a statistically significant contribution to the social skills of the ADHD children. On the other hand, the training helps some children, when it is suitable for the characteristics and accompanying symptoms of the children：it reduces the level of violence in the ADHD group with conduct disorder, and it raises the social skills in the ADHD group with mental retardation. In other words, the social skills training program will reduce the conduct disorder and helps peer relation for ADHD children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.283-300
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to grasp health-promoting behavior of the elderly and to identify variables related to them in order to facilitate nursing intervention for health promotion of this population. The subjects for this study were 291 old persons obtained by cluster sampling from twenty general social welfare centers located in Tague. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from August 13 to September 13, 1996. Questionnaires were developed based on Sherer and others' Self-Efficacy scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem scale, Wallston and other's Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, Northern illinois University's Helath Self Rating Scale, Walker and others' Health Promotion Lifestyles Profile. Analysis of the data was done by use of descriptive statistics, stepwise multiple regression, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, MANOVA, t-test, and ANOVA. The results were summarized as follows : 1. For the practice of health-promoting behavior, the mean score was 2.89 and range was 3.59 to 2.09. The factor of the highest mean score was regular diet(M=3.42) and factor of the lowest mean score as stress management(M=2.27). 2. The combination of self-efficacy, internal health locus of control, family number, and average monthly pocket money explained 30.0% of the variance of health-promoting behavior. 3. With regard to the relationship between health-promoting behavior and cognitive perceptual factor, self-efficacy correlated positively with health-promoting behavior(r=.4951, P=.0001), self-esteem correlated positively(r=.3263, P=.0001), internal health locus of control correlated positively(r=.3244, P=.0001), perceived health status correlated positively(r=.1355, P=.0274). 4. According to age(F=2.50, P=.0431), sex(t=2.14, P=.0332), marital status(F=7.85, P=.0005), education(F=5.44, P=.0003), family number(F=11.18, P=.0001), people living together(F=7.21, P=.0009), previous occupation(F=5.83, P=.0001), average monthly pocket money(F=7.27, P=.0001), there were differences of health-promoting behavior. The above findings show that health-promoting behavior are related to demographic characteristics, four cognitive perceptual factors(self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal health locus of control, perceived health status). On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made ; 1. Nursing interventions enhancing exercise or activity, accountability for health, stress management of the elderly must be provided. 2. Nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy which is most significant effect on health-promoting behavior must be developed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.355-361
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• 2011

Sedative method and its effect are affected by diverse variables: dosage and intake method of drug, weight, gender, patient compliance, sleeping hours prior to procedure, treatment hours, health status, type of used drugs are the factors. This study is conducted with empirical observation that shorter the sleeping hours before the day of chloral hydrate sedation, the effectiveness is larger; and therefore to actually recognize the correlation between chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine sedation and sleeping hours of child patient prior to sedation. The subjects were those children whose sleeping hours were similar to each other at the ages ranging from 2 to 5 years old totaling 37 children. Total 11 of them received pulp treatment. Sedative effect was evaluated by the same assessor with Houpt's rating scale. Sedative effect in relation with prior day's sleeping hours evaluated with simple regression analysis. Sedative effect in relation with pulp treatment was analyzed with independent t-test. Sleeping hours prior to sedation and sedation effect have negative correlation. No significant correlation is found between pulp treatment and sedation effect(p>0.05).