• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2012

The goal of this study was to identify neurotransmitters in endings (p-endings) presynaptic to low-threshold mechanoreceptive vibrissa afferents in the laminae III/IV of cat trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc). Rapidly-adapting vibrissa afferents were intra-axonally labeled after electrophysiological identification, and postembedding immunogold staining with antisera against ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine was performed, followed by quantitative ultrastructural analysis of p-endings presynaptic to the labeled vibrissa afferent terminals. Sixteen p-endings, which are presynaptic to the HRP-labeled vibrissa afferent terminals, were analyzed in this study: Eight p-endings (50%, 8/16) were immunopositive to GABA but immunonegative to glycine (GABA+ p-ending), and remaining 8 p-endings (50%, 8/16) exhibited immunoreactivity to both GABA and glycine. Bouton volume of the p-endings was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the p-endings differed from each other in relative content of GABA and glycine. These findings suggest that low-threshold mechanoreceptive information conveyed through vibrissa afferent at Vc is presynaptically modulated by GABA and/or glycine, and that degree of presynaptic modulation may differ among each vibrissa afferent terminal.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.605-622
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• 1996

Needle stick injury, in which blood-borne pathogens including Human Immune-Deficiency virus and hepatitis B virus are transmitted, is one of the major occupational hazards that health professionals face everyday. In order to provide basic data for the development of educational programs for health professionals aimed at preventing and effectively managing needle stick injuries, a retrospective descriptive study was carried out .The subjects of the study were 630 health professionals, 499 nurses and 131 physicians, from two university hospitals in Seoul, Korea. Data on episodes of needle stick experiences over the past is months September 1994 through August 1995, were collected between September 1 and 7, 1995. A Questionaire developed by the researcher was used. The frequencies and the percentile score for episodes of needle stick injuries were calculated using the PC-SAS program. The differences and similarities in reference to the structure, career, and specialty variables were analysed by X$^2$-tests. Results are as follows : 1. Of the sample, 521(82.7%) reported a needle stick injury, 33.4% reported 3 or more episodes of needle stick injuries. 2. The needle stick injuries occured in the following processes : process of percutaneous venepuncture for intra-venous injection and infusion(55.3%), medical examination and treatment(48.9%), per-cutaneous venepuncture for blood sampling (46.3%) and intra-muscular injection(42.2%). 3. The study showed that needle stick injuries occured before(19%), during(25%), and after (56%) client treatment. The major causes of needle stick injuries were perceived to be hastiness(82.2%) and carelessness(48.3%). Of these injuries, 91.8% occured in emergency situations. 4. Follow of care for the injury consisted of : treating the injured site immediately using disinfectants(89.7%), reviewing the clinical records of the patient involved(84.2%), immunological investigation for the status of antibodies(11.1%) and self-medication of antibiotics (10.7%). Only 16.3% of the total episodes were founded to have been reported to the administrative unit. 5. The length of clinical experience of the nurses, clinical specialty and length of clinical experience in physicians were found to have influenced the episodes of needle stick injuries ; nurses with less than 1 year and with more than 6 years of clinical experiences had significantly lower levels (X$^2$=25.04, P=.00), surgeons had significantly higher levels (X$^2$=9.89, P=.02) compared to that of internists and interns, higher(X$^2$=4.54, P=.03)than residents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1979

This research is to prevent the infection of maternity in the hospital by examining the microbes contaminations in maternity through airbone microbes and those who are engaged in the ward of O.B. ＆ G.Y. and to furnish the basic data available to hospital management. The bacterial growth of airbone microbes contaminations in nosocomial air and who thor the nasal cavity of passers by (doctors, nurses, parturient women) who went to the ward of O.B. ＆ G.Y. contaminated or not were examined in“E”Univ. Hospital from July to August, 1979 by using thioglycollate broths and agar plates. The following results were obtained: 1. The average colony number of airborne microbes revealed as follows the pediatric ward (36 colonies), the internal ward (33 colonies), the ward of O.B. ＆ G.Y. (30 colonies), the ward of surgery (24 colonies), delivery-waiting room (11 colonies), and the delivery room (3 colonies). 2. The bacterial growth beforenoon differed from that of afternoon. Namely, the latter (24 colonies) was higher than the former (21 colonies). 3. The type of strains isolated from the air of the ward revealed staphylococci (82%), Gram negative bacilli (18%), fungi (17%), Gram positive diplococci (13%), and Bacillus subtilis (2.8%). 4. The strains isolated in the delivery-waiting room revealed staphylococci (66.7%), Gram negative bacilli (33.6%), and revealed staphylococci (75%), Gram positive diplococci (8.3%), and fungi (8.3%), in delivery room. 5. Most of strains isolated in the ward of O.B. & G.Y. revealed staphylococci (100.0%), Gram positive diplococci (8.3%), and Gram negative bacilli (6.7%). 6. The strain isolated in the surgical ward revealed staphylococci (91.7%), fungi (33.3%), Gram positive diplococci (25%), Gram negative bacilli (25%) and Bacillus subtilis (8.3%). 7. The strain isolated in the pediatric ward revealed staphylococci (75%), fungi (25%), Gram positive diplococci (8.3%), Bacillus subtilis (8.3%), and Gram negative bacilli (8.3%). 8. The strain isolated in the internal ward revealed staphylococci (91.7%), fungi (33.3%), Gram positive diplococci (25%), and negative bacilli (16.7%). The strains isolated from the nasal cavity of those doctors and nurses who and enaged in the ward of O.B. & G.Y. revealed staphylococci (80%), Bacillus subtilis (10%), and Gram negative bacilli (10%), from doctors and Gram positive diplococci (10%), instead of Gram negative bacilli (10％), from nurses. 10. The strain isolated from nasal cavity of parturient women on admission revealed staphylococci (90%), and Gram negative bacilli (10%), but after admission revealed staphylococci (70％), Gram positive diplococci (10%), and Gram negative bacilli (10%). 11. Of the total 91 staphylococci isolated from the air of the ward, the Coagulase pastive was 36 (39.6%), and the negative 55 (60.4%), As a result of the coagulase experiment of the staphylococci isolated from the nasal cavity of those who are engaged in the ward of O.B. ＆ G.Y. all were revealed as negative that belonged to non-pathogenic. 12. Consequence of the biochemic examination of the gram negative bacilli isolated from the air of the ward the aerobacter aerogens revealed was (16.7%) E-coli 5％ in the nasal cavity of those came and went to the of O.B. ＆ G.Y. and Aerobacter aerogens 7.5%.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.32-43
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• 1974

A steady increase in the aged population poses a great challenge to nurses with their diversities of health care needs, especially of psychological nature, such as an alienation problems among the aged. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of alienation problems among the aged in urban areas to provide basic informations for a better understanding of aged people. In this study, the investigator has tried to identify causes of alienation in the aged, and to determine the extent of alienation in relation to sex, family structure, religion, economic status and participation in social activities. The survey was done during the period from the last part of August to the end of September 1973. After a day's training, 10 interviewers have interviewed 210 stratified random samples of people over the age of 65 residing in Seoul with the free-ended questionnaire prepared by the investigator. The result of the study was tested by Critical Ratio. Following Hypothesis have guides formulation of the study: I. The extent of alienation in old man would be higher than in old woman, II. The extent of alienation in the aged who live alone would be higher than those living with their family. III. The extent of alienation in the aged who have no spouse would be higher than who live with their spouse. IV. The extent of alienation in the people without religious beliefs would be higher than the people with religious biles. V. The extent of alienation in the aged would be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic productivity. Ⅵ. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities would be higher than that of the aged who actively participate. The analytic results of the study are as fellows: 1. The extent of alienation in woman was revealed higher than that of man by showing significant difference at P〈0.01 level. (CR=3.66) Accordingly hypothesis I was denied. 2. The extent of alienation in the aged wile live alone was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their family by showing a significant difference at P<0.01 level. (CR=7.31) So hypothesis II was supported. 3. The extent of alienation of the aged who have no spouse was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their spouse at the significant level of P <0.01. CR=4.65) Accordingly hypothesis III was supported, 4. There was no significant difference in the extent of alienation between the people with and-without religion. Thus hypothesis IV was rejected. 5. The extent of alienation in the aged was found to be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic ability. a. The aged with greatest income showed least alienation b. The aged with no income had a greater extent of alienation than the aged with minimal income by showing significant difference at P <0.01 level . (CR=4.82) c. The difference between the greatest income group and the minimal income group was. found to be less significant than the difference between minimal income group and the-people without income. Thus hypothesis V was positively supported. 6. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities was higher than that of the aged who actively participate. (P <0.01, CR=6.24) According1y hypothesis Ⅵ was supported.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.99-113
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• 2022

This study is descriptive research to investigate the effects of COVID-19 stress, interpersonal (caregiver-patient) stress, and emotional labor on burnout in emergency room (ER) nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collection of this study was conducted from December 9 to 23, 2021 with ER nurses working at five tertiary general hospitals and general hospitals of Medical Center H. The data was collected with a questionnaire using tools measuring the subjects' general & job-related characteristics, COVID-19 stress, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress, emotional labor and burnout. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 25.0 statistical program for frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The average score of COVID-19 stress in ER nurses was 3.64, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress 4.35, emotional labor 3.38, and burnout 3.44. As a result of analyzing differences according to general & job-related characteristics, burnout showed a significant difference according to gender, marital status, total clinical experience, and working organization. And burnout showed a significant positive correlation with COVID-19 stress, interpersonal stress and emotional labor. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, regional emergency medical centers and local emergency medical centers among the work organization types, interpersonal stress, COVID-19 stress, and gender and the explanatory power was 28.6%. Through these results, we intend to provide basic data for the development of an intervention program to prevent burnout of emergency room nurses and improve nursing performance at the time of a new infectious disease pandemic.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.35-47
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• 2022

This study aims to identify the degree of job stress related to COVID-19, emotional labor, empowerment, and retention intention of nurses in hospitals dedicated to infectious diseases, and confirmed the effect of job stress related to COVID-19, emotional labor, and empowerment on retention intention. The data collection of this study was conducted from August 27, 2021 to September 17, 2021 through a structured questionnaire targeting 162 nurses at an infectious disease hospital in S city. The data were analyzed analyzed using frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and multiple linear regression using SPSS/WIN 25.0. As a result of analyzing differences according to general characteristics, retention intention showed a significant difference according to work department and work satisfaction. And as a result of analyzing the correlation between retention intention and COVID-19 related job stress, emotional labor, and empowerment, it showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.215, p=0.006) with job stress related to COVID-19 and a significant positive correlation (r=0.343, p<0.001) with empowerment. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, job satisfaction, job stress related to COVID-19, and empowerment were identified as significant variables affecting retention intention (F=23.751, p<0.001), and the explanatory power was 30.0%. Through the above results, we intend to provide basic data for strategic development for efficient nursing manpower management.

• Journal of Digital Policy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

The purpose of this study attempted to provide basic data for the safety awareness intervention program by identifying smoking, drinking and safety awareness survey using raw data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII-1, 2019). The self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the gender, age, smoking, drinking, and safety awareness. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for the general characteristics according to gender and the difference between smoking and drinking. positive thinking, emotional expressivity, public speaking anxiety. The SPSS WIN 23.0 version program was used for data analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used for the general characteristics according to gender and the difference between smoking and drinking. There were significant difference between wearing a seat belt while driving and smoking for life (𝑥²=6581.46, p<.001). Among safety awareness, there was a statistically significant difference between wearing a seat belt while driving and lifelong drinking experience (𝑥²=6421.29, p<.001). It is considered that this can be used to prepare a customized smoking prevention education and alcohol prevention education intervention program to improve safety awareness.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2007

This study was attempted to provide basic data develop CPR training program for layperson by looking into layperson's recognition and attitude of execution of CPR and to prepare for underlying data in drawing up training policy and suggesting relevant legislation so that trained laypersons can positively perform rescue activities. The survey was done from August 20 to September 20, 2007. Total Subjects in this study were 78. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Program. The summary of the research is as follows : First, to the question of whether or not the recognition or performance of CPR is universal within the country, 82.1% of respondents gave a negative answer as 'No', The most reason was found to be 'Poor training and P.R. of CPR' accounting for 50.1%, 94.8% of the whole respondents answered that CPR training is necessary. As plan for activatin of CPR training, they answered that top priority shall be given to compulsory school training(79.5%). Secondly, when respondents observed their family's cardic 84.6% of them answered that they would conduct CPR but when they observed other's cardiac arrest, just 41.7% of them answered it. As an effective CPR activation plan, the most answer was training and P.R. of CPR as 79.5%. This study suggests that laypersons high perception of the effectiveness of the CPR and that they wound be willing to provide CPR in a medical emergency.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.151-158
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose the basic data for cancer patient management by secondary analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey(KNHANES) to identify factors related to suicidal thinking of cancer patients over 19 years of age in Korean adults lapse of time. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS WIN 22.0 program in order to analyze the demographic, health, and mental characteristics of the subjects in 2009 and 2017. It was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. As a result of the study, the factors related to suicidal thinking in cancer patients were activity restriction and experience of depression in 2009(Negelkerke R²=.384), and age, marital status, activity restriction, and experience of depression in 2017(Negelkerke R²=.525). This study is meaningful in that the factors related to suicidal thoughts in cancer patients were identified according to the lapse of time, and the changes in the related factors were confirmed. Development and application of an intervention program to prevent suicide in cancer patients are necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.179-187
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing sleep disturbance among benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients in South Korea. A trained reporter filled out the questionnaire by explaining and reading the sentences to 164 BPH patients in J city. The questionnaire consisted of international prostate symptom score (IPSS), anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance. There was a statistically significant difference in sleep disturbance of participants according to income, regular exercise, and number of disease. There were statistically significant correlations between sleep disturbance and IPSS (r=.45, p<.001), anxiety (r=.59, p<.001), depression (r=.42, p<.001). The influential factors for sleep disturbance were anxiety (${\beta}=.41$, p<.001), income (${\beta}=-.36$, p<.001), IPSS (${\beta}=.28$, p=.021). These factors accounted for 41.2% of the variance in sleep disturbance. The result of this study can be used as a basic data for development of a management strategy considering convergent relationship between IPSS and anxiety in order to decrease sleep disturbance of BPH patients.