• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.173-182
• /
• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 사이클 운동 시, 3가지 다른 길이의 페달 샤프트 (표준형, 5.08 cm, 10.16 cm)가 근육활동에 미치는 영향을 근전도 측정을 통해 비교 분석하는데 있다. 사이클링을 활동적으로 하는 여학생 5명을 피험자로 선택하여 대퇴지근(RF), 외측광근(VL), 내측광근(VM) 대퇴이두근(BF)을 표면전극을 사용하여 관찰하였다. 자료 분석을 위해 두 대의 S-VHS 카메라 (Panasonic Digital 5000)를 사용하여 사이클링 동작을 촬영하였다. 연구의 목적을 위해 각 조건에 대한 표준화된 평균 및 최대 근전도치가 계산되어졌다. 각각의 변인에 대해 페달 샤프트의 길이에 따른 근전도치의 차이점을 분석하기 위해 반복측정에 의한 일원변량분석을 사용하였으며, 통계적 유의성이 있을 경우 Newman-Keuls 사후검증을 실시하였다. 일반적으로 5.08 cm 길이의 페달 샤프트를 사용했을 경우 표준형의 페달 샤프트와는 다르게 모든 하지근의 적분 근전도치가 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 페달 샤프트의 길이가 길어짐에 따라 외측광근의 적분 근전도치가 통계적으로 유의하게 낮게 나타났고, 5.08 cm 길이에서 대퇴이두근의 적분 근전도치가 통계적으로 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 페달 샤프트 길이에 따른 최대 근전도치의 통계적 유의성을 찾을 수 없었지만, 일반적으로 5.08 cm 길이의 페달 샤프트를 사용할 때 최대 근전도치가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과, 페달 샤프트의 길이가 하지근의 활동정도와 형태를 변화시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 하지관절의 부하에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되어진다. 이에 따라, 개인의 해부 구조학적인 면을 고려한 페달 샤프트의 길이 조절은 효율적이며 안정적인 사이클링 동작을 수행하는데 많은 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.257-264
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower extremity kinematics and muscle activities of adductor longus(AL), gluteus medius(GME), gluteus maximus(GMA), biceps femoris(BF), rectus femoris(RF), gastrocnemius(GA), and tibialis anterior(TA) using three dimensional and Noraxon 8 channels EMG system during turn 0, 60, 90 and 120 degrees in patients with Parkinson's disease. Seven parkinson's patients and five healthy subjects were participated in the study. Participants with Parkinson's disease demonstrated significant differences in reduction of stride length and stride width. Also, they showed ill difference in muscle activities. The strength and balance of the lower extremity muscles may help to improve cutting movement and to prevent falling in parkinson's patients.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2012

The objective of this short communication is to introduce several evaluation methods to crop model users because the evaluation of crop model performance is an important step to develop or select crop model. In this paper, mean error, mean absolute error, index of agreement, root mean square error, efficiency of model, accuracy factor and bias factor were explained and compared in terms of dimension and observed number. Efficiency of model and index of agreement are dimensionless and independent of number of observation. Relative root mean square, accuracy factor and bias factor are dimensionless and not independent of number of observation. Mean error and mean absolute error are affected by dimension and number of observation.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 2013

In this study, to improve the early-age compressive strength of mortar, the compressive strength tests of mortar mixed smart BFS powder added powder of rapid setting additives milled by processing, using functional grinding aid, the power-typed rapid setting cement clinker developed by sintering industrial waste and by-products with much CaO-$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$ to cement were performed. From the tests, the followings are found that (1) for BFS early-age strength improvement test (Series I): early-age strength improvement of BFS mixed rapid setting additive milled after adding functional grinding aid, when the clinker is milled, is superior and (2) for OPC early-age strength improvement test (Series II): case of additive mixed rapid setting powder typed activator milled after adding functional grinding aid to Clinker-C showed the higher compressive strength.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1998.06a
• /
• pp.224-230
• /
• 1998

This study showed the anti-invasive activity of ginseng components, panaxadiol (PD) and panamatrlol (PT) on the highly metastatic HT1080 human flbrosarcoma cell line. PD and PT reduced tumor cell invasion through a reconstitute basement membrane in the transwell chamber. A significant down regulation of MMP-9 by PD and PT was detected by northern blot analysis. However, MMP-2 was constantly expressed. Quantitative gelatin based zymography confirmed a marked reduced expression of MMP-9 but not MMP-2 in the treatment of PD and PT. Since the chemical structures of PD and PT are very similar to that of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, it was investigated whether PD and PT act through GR. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry showed that PD and PT increased the GR fraction in the nucleus. These results suggest that ursolic acid may induce repression of MMP-9 by stimulating the nuclear translocation of GR and hence inhibiting the activity of AP-1 to TPA-responsible element of MMP-9 promoter region. In conclusion, we suggest that CR-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 by PD and PT contributes to reduce the invasive capacity of HT 1080 cells.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.607-614
• /
• 2016

This study investigated the effect of fitness management class on body composition, blood pressure and health-related fitness in college women. The subjects were to target college women of the 317 people to take nine semesters 2012-2016 school fitness management class, group division were divided underweight, thin-obesity, normal, normal-obesity and obesity by body mass index(BMI) and body fat(%). Fitness management classes consist of combined exercise(resistance and aerobic exercise) was conducted to exercise twice a week 75 minutes a day. Four groups except for the obese group, Fitness management class have a positive improvement effect on body weight, BMI, BF(%), muscle mass and waist circumference. In addition, five groups were positive improvement on blood pressure and health-related fitness variables. In conclusions, except for improving body composition in obese college women, fitness management classes had a positive improvement effect on body composition, blood pressure and health-related fitness in college women.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.741-747
• /
• 2011

In this study, autogenous shrinkage strain and prediction models of concrete specimens were compared with strength level and development rate. Also, concrete autogeneous shrinkage under various curing conditions was investigated. The results showed that autogeneous shrinkage increased as concrete strength increased. However, when the concrete strength was almost identical, the initial autogeneous shrinkage of OPC was larger than BFS, but the final autogeneous shrinkage of BFS was larger than OPC. Early wet curing reduced autogeneous shrinkage strain. Especially, when the early wet curing was applied for more than 24 hours, final autogeneous shrinkage was significantly reduced. The results showed that the existing EC2 models do not reflect concrete properties properly. Therefore, the revised model was proposed to better predict autogeneous shrinkage.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2003

Bee venom is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of arthritis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous partitions from bee venom (Apis mellifera) was studied using cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$) production, in vitro. COX-2 is involved in the production of prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. The aqueous partition of bee venom showed strong dose-dependent inhibitory effects on COX-2 activity ($IC_{50} = 13.1 \mu$ g/mL), but did not inhibit COX-1 activity. The aqueous partition was subfractionated into three parts by molecular weight differences, namely, B-F1 (above 20 KDa), B-F2 (between 10 KDa and 20 KDa) and BF-3 (below 10 KDa). B-F2 and B-F3 strongly inhibited COX-2 activity and COX-2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, without revealing cytotoxic effects. TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$ are potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and are early indicators of the inflammatory process. We also investigated the effects of three subfractions on TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$ production using ELISA method. All three subfractions, B-F1, B-F2 and B-F3, inhibited TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$production. These results suggest the pharmacological activities of bee venom on anti-inflammatory process include the inhibition of COX-2 expression and the blocking of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$) production.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.2325-2332
• /
• 2012

A series $[C_3Omim]$[X] of imidazolium cation-based ILs, with ether functional group on the alkyl side-chain have been synthesized and structure of the materials were confirmed by various techniques like $^1H$, $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy, MS-ESI, FTIR spectroscopy and EA. More specifically, the influence of changing the anion with same cation is carried out. The absorption capacity of $CO_2$ for ILs were evaluated at 30 and $50^{\circ}C$ at ambient pressure (0-1.6 bar). Ether functionalized ILs shows significantly high absorption capacity for $CO_2$. In general, the $CO_2$ absorption capacity of ILs increased with a rise in pressure and decreased when temperature was raised. The obtained results showed that absorption capacity reached about 0.9 mol $CO_2$ per mol of IL at $30^{\circ}C$. The most probable mechanism of interaction of $CO_2$ with ILs were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy and result shows that the absorption of $CO_2$ in ether functionalized ILs is a chemical process. The $CO_2$ absorption results and detailed study indicates the predominance of 1:1 mechanism, where the $CO_2$ reacts with one IL to form a carbamic acid. The $CO_2$ absorption capacity of ILs for different anions follows the trend: $BF_4$ < DCA < $PF_6$ < TfO < $Tf_2N$. Moreover, the as-synthesized ILs is selective, thermally stable, long life operational and can be recycled at a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ or under vacuum and can be used repeatedly.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.311-318
• /
• 2003

Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino (Theaceae) is distributed in coastal areas of island. The leaves of Eurya are used in the traditional medicine of the coastal areas of jeju island with the aim of diuresis or to treat ulcers. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the biological activity and constituents of E. emarginata. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological activity of the solvent extracts of E. emarginata on the several inflammatory markers (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, NO, iNOS and COX-2). Also we examined the antioxidizing effect of the solvent extracts by determination of DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Among the solvent fractions, EtOAc and BuOH extracts showed potent radical scavenging activity (RC$_{50}$=10.9 and 12.7 respectively). The subtractions of EF 5-4-6-3-2 and BF 1 potentially inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$) at the concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι. Also the fractions inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$) and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 at the concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι. And then, the inhibition of iNOS was correlated with the decrease of nitrite level. These results suggest that E. emarginata may have anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2.2.