• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1035-1052
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• 2019

Recently, as the demand for immersive videos increases, efficient video processing techniques for omnidirectional immersive video is actively developed by MPEG-I. While the omnidirectional video provides a larger degree of freedom for a free viewpoint, the size of the video increases significantly. Furthermore, in order to compress 6 degree-of-freedom (6 DoF) videos that support motion parallax, it is required to develop a codec to yield better coding efficiency. In this paper, we develop a 6 DoF codec using Versatile Video Coding (VVC) as the next generation video coding standard. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first VVC-based 6 DoF video codec toward the future ISO/IEC 23090 Part 7 (Metadata for Immersive Media (Video)) MPEG-I standardization. The experiments were conducted on the seven test video sequences specified in Common Test Condition (CTC) in two operation modes of TMIV (Test Model for Immersive Media) software. It is demonstrated that the proposed codec improves coding performance around 33.8% BD-rate reduction in the MIV (Metadata for Immersive Video) mode and 30.2% BD-rate reduction in the MIV view mode as compared to the state-of-the-art TMIV reference software. We also show the performance comparisons using Immersive Video PSNR (IV-PSNR) and Mean Structural Similarity (MSSIM).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the main soil physical properties to control the soil hardness in tamped condition. Sandy loam soil was taken and fill it up to wood cubes and then differently trampling experimental cubic lots which were mulched with various materials, such as, leaves, wood plates and bricks. Soil physical properties were measured 2" core and samples were taken at 250 sites with soil hardness. There were highly significant positive correlations between soil hardness and bulk density, and between bulk density and water content. Negative correlations were found between soil hardness and water content, and between soil hardness and gravel content. The correlation coefficients were increased by multiple correlation between soil hardness, bulk density, volumetric water and gravel content. Bulk density was the main factor to control the hardness, and volumetric water and gravel contents were less effected to soil hardness.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.130-136
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• 2011

This study describes the effect of EGR rate on the combustion and emissions characteristics of a four cylinder CRDI diesel engine using biodiesel (soybean oil) blended diesel fuel. The test fuel is composed of 30% biodiesel and 70% ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) by volumetric ratio. The experiment of engine emissions and performance characteristics were performed under the various EGR rates. The experimental results showed that ignition delay was extended, the maximum combustion pressure and heat release gradually were decreased with increasing EGR rate. Comparing biodiesel blended fuel to ULSD, the injection quantity of biodiesel blended fuel was further increased than ULSD. The emission results showed that $NO_x$ emission of biodiesel blended fuel becomes higher according to the increase of EGR rate. However, in the case of biodiesel blended fuel, HC, CO and soot emissions were decreased compared to ULSD.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 1995

For the improvement of the L-lysine productivity of Brevibacterium flavum and Corynebacterium glutamicum, fusants were induced by interspecific protoplast fusion of Bacillus subtilis with C. glutamicum and B. flavum. The following results were obtained through protoplast formation of strains condition of protoplast fusion, characteristics of the fusants, and the productivity of lysine form starch. B. flavum BF-5 and C. glutamicum protoplasts were made by the treatment of 0.3unit/$m\ell$ of penicillin G at the early stationary growth phase for 2 hours followed by incubation with 10mg/$m\ell$ of lysozyme at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 120 min. When a mixture of the protoplast was treated with 30% PEG(M.W.6,000) solution containing 50mM CaCl2 at optimal conditions, the intergeneric fusion frequency between protoplasts of C. glutamicum CG-2 and B. subtilis BD 224 was 7.1${\times}$105. The genetic properties on the L-lysine producing fusants were compared with those of parental strains. As a results, the intergeneric fusants were completed in each auxotrophic requirement, resistances for S-(2-amino-ethyl)-L-cysteine and kanamycine were confirmed. And one of fusants selected, FBB-41 were found to be genetically stable fusants. The aspartokinase activity of FBB-41 strain increased than that of the parent strain.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.305-313
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• 2020

Root hair development has the potential to increase crop yields and at the same time to decrease fertilizer use, which will be required in the next 30 years to meet the demand for crop-derived commodities in a world with decreasing available natural resources. Root hair defective six (RHD6) encoding a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is associated with root hair differentiation, and its roles are root hair initiation and elongation. Grass plants, rice and Brachypodium have been used as model plants to study the gene function of the root hair defective six like (RSL) subfamily which is orthologous to AtRHD6. The RSL subfamily has an identical gene function with AtRHD6 which is involved with root hair differentiation as well. Plants with longer root hairs within a species should have an improved Pi uptake efficiency; therefore, we would expect that a plant with a high Pi uptake could contribute to increasing the plant yield. We achieved increased root hair length by manipulating the RSL subfamily genes. It is expected that in these transgenic plants, the long root hairs would be sufficient to improve the Pi uptake and hence improve biomass and yield component (tiller, spikelet number, and spikelet weight) of the plant. Here, we demonstrate that Brachypodium transgenic plants overexpressing the BdRSL subfamily genes have an improved biomass and grain yield. The result of this study could be applied to important crop plants like rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1997

Three soils, sandy loam, loam and silty clay loam, were selected and three inches soil cores with 4 bulk density(BD) levels were made by compressing the soils wetted with 3 levels water. Mechanical and water characteristics were measured and analyzed the mechanical resistance limiting water, available water and least-limiting water range. Mechanical resistance limiting water(MRLW) were appeared at higher bulk density than $1.6Mg/m^3$ in sandy loam, and $1.4Mg/m^3$ in loam and silty clay loam. The least-limiting water ranges were sharply decreased at the bulk density $1.6Mg/m^3$ in sandy loam and loam, $1.4Mg/m^3$ in silty clay loam. There were big deferences between available water contents and least limiting water ranges in finer texture and higher bulk density soils.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.393-402
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• 2021

As greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport are increasing, the International Maritime Organization is continuously working to strengthen emission regulations. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel is less advantageous as a point of CO₂ reduction due to the methane leakage that occurs during the bunkering and operation of marine engines. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from an LNG-fueled ship were analyzed from the perspective of the life cycle. The amount ofmethane emission during the bunkering and operation procedures with various boil-off gas (BOG) treatment methods and gas engine specifications was analyzed by dynamic simulation. The results were also compared with those of other liquid fuel engines. As a result, small LNG-fueled ships without a BOG treatment facility emitted 32% more greenhouse gas than ships utilizing marine gas oil or heavy fuel oil. To achieve a greenhouse gas reduction via a BOG treatment method, a gas combustion unit or re-liquefaction system must be mounted, which results in a greenhouse gas reduction effect of about 25% and 30%. As a result of comparing the amount of greenhouse gas generated according to the BOG treatment method used with each tank size from the perspective of the operating cycle with the amounts from using existing marine fuels, the BOG treatment method showed superior effects of greenhouse gas reduction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of solid-state fermentation on soybean using three microbial strains under four different fermentation times. Soybean was fermented for 12, 24, 36 or 48 hours with highly proteolytic microbes, either Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or B. subtilis var. natto (BN), and levels of total protein concentration, protein distribution, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Total protein was highest in the BS 12 h group (9.21 ㎍·µL^-1) and lowest in BN 48 h (6.80 ㎍·µL^-1), respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, three microbes decomposed large molecular weight proteins as well as major allergens of soybean such as β-conglycinin, Gly m Bd 30K, and glycinin. Each treatment group showed the highest degradation rate at 48 h fermentation and among the three microbes, BS showed a relatively higher degradation rate. The radical scavenging ability, known as an indicator of antioxidant activity, showed a significant increase in all treatment groups except BA 24 h. The results from this study suggest that protein concentration, and degradation and antioxidant activity were affected by different types of microbial trains and fermentation period and that B. subtilis fermentation might be the most effective way to increase nutritional and functional properties of soybean.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.690-699
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance, immune status, organs weights, and microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and small intestine. Methods: A total of 120, 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into the following four treatment groups: corn-soy based basal diet (BD) without supplement (control), or the same BD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.5 g/kg SB (SB-0.5), or 1.0 g/kg SB (SB-1), respectively. Six birds/group were killed on d-21 and d-35, and samples were collected. Results: Cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-Phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and sheep red blood cells on d-35 was noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 compared to ZnB and control. Lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was attained by the supplemented groups. Thymus and spleen weighed more (p<0.05) in SB-1, and bursa registered more (p<0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to control. On d-21, areas of thymus medulla and spleen germinal centers were noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 group. The villus height and villus surface area increased (p<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d-21, and in SB-1 on d-35, respectively compared to ZnB and control. On d-21, number of goblet cells containing mucins of acidic nature increased (p<0.05) in all the segments of small intestines in SB-1 group compared to control, and on d-35 in ileum compared to other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, SB improved growth performance and immunity as well as modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broiler chickens.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.411-420
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• 2017

In this paper, two methods of making the Pd-added $SnO_2$ ($Pd-SnO_2$) powder with pure tetragonal phase by the hydrazine method were suggested and compared in terms of crystal structure, surface morphology, and alcohol gas response. One of the addition methods is to use $PdCl_2$ as a Pd source, the other is to use Pd-based organic with oleylamine (OAM). When Pd concentration was increased from 0 to 5 wt%, the average grain size of $Pd-SnO_2$ made with Pd-OAM were decreased from 32 to 12 nm. In the case of using with $PdCl_2$, grain size of the $PdCl_2$ fell to less than 10 nm. However, agglomerated and extruded surface morphology was observed for the films with Pd addition over 4 wt%. The crack-free $Pd-SnO_2$ thick films were able to successfully fill the $30{\mu}m$ gap of patterned Pt electrodes by optimized ink dropping method. Also, the 2 wt% $Pd-SnO_2$ thick film made with PdCl2 showed gas responses ($R_{air}/R_{gas}$) of 3.7, 5.7 and 9.0 at alcohol concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the prepared 3 wt% $Pd-SnO_2$ thick film with Pd-OAM exhibited very excellent responses of 3.4, 6.8 and 12.2 at the equivalent measurement conditions, respectively. The 3 wt% $Pd-SnO_2$ thick film with Pd-OAM has a specific surface area of $31.39m^2/g$.