• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1561-1565
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• 2008

More than 3.4 million people use Hong Kong metro a day. It was first constructed in 1979, and extended to 9 operating lines with 168.1km length operated by Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTR). In Hong Kong, airborne viruses such as avian influenza (bird's flu) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), air pollution by high-density traffics, bacteria and mold due to relatively high humidity are major concerns on air quality management. In this study, we focused on the cases for improving indoor air quality conducted by Hong Kong MTR currently. The case includes the photocatalytic coatings on knobs (or hand straps) to prevent outbreak of bird's flu and SARS, the high voltage ionizers installed at metro platform, and the periodical radon monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.286-290
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• 2009

The transcription of mRNA of avian influenza virus is regulated temporally during infection. Therefore, the measurement of transcript level in host cells should be performed before viral release from host cells because errors can occur in the analysis of the transcript levels if the viruses released from the infected cells re-infect cells. In this study, the timing of viral release was determined by measuring the level of viral RNA from viruses released from H9N2-infected chicken fibroblast cell line UMNSAH/DF-1 by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The viral genomic RNA was isolated together with mouse total RNA which was added to the collected medium as carrier to monitor the viral RNA recovery and to use its GAPDH as an internal control for normalizing reverse transcription reaction as well as PCR reaction. It was found that viral release of H9N2 in the chicken fibroblast cell line UMNSAH/DF-1 took between 16 and 20 h after infection. We measured all 8 viral mRNA levels. Of the 8 transcripts, 7 species of viral mRNAs (each encoding HA, NA, PB1, PB2, NP, M, NS, respectively) except PA mRNA showed robust amplification, indicating these mRNA can be used as targets for amplification to measure transcript levels. These results altogether suggest that the method in this study can be used for screening antiviral materials against viral RNA polymerase as a therapeutic target.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

A 5-month (May to November in 2009) monitoring program for five viral pathogens in litter, such as avian influenza virus A (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) was conducted in 62 flocks at 31 broiler farms (two flocks in each farm) in Korea in 2009. Viral pathogens were examined twice (before and at the end of the rearing period) at 31 broiler farms, and included fresh litter (n = 16) and recycled litter (n = 15) farms. Thirty-seven viruses (14 IBVs, 2 IBDVs, 9 FAdVs, and 12 CIAVs) were isolated from 75% (12/16) and 73% (11/15) of fresh litter and reused litter farms during the period, respectively, indicating no difference in viral contamination rate between farms using new and reused litter. Of these isolates, three (two CIAVs and one IBDV) were isolated from recycled litter samples collected before the rearing period at three broiler farms, whereas the others (n=34) were isolated from fresh and recycled litter samples collected at the end of the rearing period. When the performances, involving viability, body weight, and feed conversion ratio, were compared, no significant differences were found between farms using fresh and recycled litter during the period.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13.1-13.11
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• 2023

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is an extremely contagious and high mortality rates in chickens resulting in substantial economic impact on the poultry sector. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of HPAIV for infection control. Objective: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) can effectively avoid the limitations of subjective screening for differential gene expression. Therefore, we performed GSEA to compare HPAI-infected resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines. Methods: The Ri chickens Mx(A)/BF2(B21) were chosen as resistant, and the chickens Mx(G)/BF2(B13) were selected as susceptible by genotyping the Mx and BF2 genes. The tracheal tissues of HPAIV H5N1 infected chickens were collected for RNA sequencing followed by GSEA analysis to define gene subsets to elucidate the sequencing results. Results: We identified four differentially expressed pathways, which were immune-related pathways with a total of 78 genes. The expression levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12), chemokines (CCL4 and CCL5), type interferons and their receptors (IFN-β, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, and IFNGR1), Jak-STAT signaling pathway genes (STAT1, STAT2, and JAK1), MHC class I and II and their co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, CD40, DMB2, BLB2, and B2M), and interferon stimulated genes (EIF2AK2 and EIF2AK1) in resistant chickens were higher than those in susceptible chickens. Conclusions: Resistant Ri chickens exhibit a stronger antiviral response to HPAIV H5N1 compared with susceptible chickens. Our findings provide insights into the immune responses of genetically disparate chickens against HPAIV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2019

Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious poultry disease that caused high mortality and reduced egg production. NDVs are regularly present in the domestic duck population. And ducks play a possible role in the maintenance and transmission of NDVs. While we were monitoring the Avian Influenza, NDVs were isolated from field samples by accident. So we analysed the biological and genetic characteristics of these viruses. Lentogenic NDVs were isolated from two farms among twenty breeder duck farms. The ages of ducks were 39 weeks old in the 'A' farm and 3~72 weeks old in the 'B' farm. And they were not inoculated with the NDVs vaccine. In the biological characteristics, the both viruses which separated from the farm 'A' and 'B' were thermostable. The amino acid sequence of a site from 112 to 119 in the fusion (F) protein was 'GKQGRLIG' which has monobasic motif in the samples of both farms. And this means the separated NDVs are lentogenic. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by entire nucleotide sequence of F protein. The virus strains from the A farm (MN095239) and the B farm (MN095240) belonged to class II genotype I. Using the analysis of whole F protein nucleic acid sequence, the MN095239 (GenBank) had homology with Ulster strain about 99.95% and the MN095239 (GenBank) had homology with KR/CK/KU_LBM255/09 strain about 99.89%. NDV surveillance is needed to investigate epidemiological relationship of domestic breeder duck isolates in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

In livestock industry, damage caused by the epidemic diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Highly-Pathogenic-Avian-Influenza (HPAI) and Porcine-Reproductive-and-Respiratory-Syndrome (PRRS) was very serious. The financial loss incurred from FMD alone which occurred on Nov. 2011 in Korea was estimated at 3 billion won, 23 % of annual livestock industry production. The livestock industry in Korea has greater risk of disease infection because of high density production, etc. Investigating the spread of livestock diseases should consider both direct and indirect contact as well as other various factors including airborne. Airborne infection of livestock disease was first hypothesised in the early 1900s, however, field experimental studies are still limited. Furthermore, no protocol is available in detecting airborne viruses in the field. In this study, effective virus samplers were investigated by comparative analysis of the type of samplers used detect to airborne virus. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare virus samplers such as Bio-sampler, Dust-sampler, Compact-Cascade-Impactor (CCI) and Microflow in detecting PRRSV. Samples were analyzed by Reverse-Transcription PCR to assess the efficiency of the instrument in detecting the airborne virus. First, samples were classified into five levels according to light intensity of gel images and then the classified results were normalized. In every case, Bio-sampler and Dust-sampler were comparable with each other and have shown to be more effective than CCI and Microflow samplers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.956-966
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• 2021

To prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases that inflict huge economic and social losses, domestic livestock farms and related facilities have introduced automatic and semiautomatic disinfectant solution-spraying systems for vehicles. However, the facility standards and specifications vary by manufacturer, and no scientific performance evaluation has been conducted. The puropose of this study is to develop physical and biological evaluation methods. Physical and biological appraisals were conducted using two types of disinfection facilities (tunnel- and U-type) and two types of vehicles (passenger car, truck). Water-sensitive paper was used to evaluate the physical performance values for the disinfection facilities. In addition, to assess their biological performance, carriers containing low-pathogenic avian influenza virus were attached to vehicles, and the viral reduction was measured after the vehicles moved through the facility. The tunnel-type had rates of coverage in the range of 70-90% for the passenger car and 60-90% for the truck. At least 4-log virus reduction after spraying for 1-5 min was shown for both vehicles. For the U-type facility evaluation, the coverage rates were in the range of 60-90% for the passenger car and at least 90% for the truck. More than 4-log viral reduction was estimated within a spraying time of 5 min. To reduce viruses on the surface of vehicles by at least 4 log within a short period, the disinfectant solution should cover at least 71% of the pathogens. In conclusion, we were able to assess the physical and biological performance criteria for disinfection facilities aboard transportation vehicles.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-146
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• 2005

Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), low pathogenic avian Influenza (LPAI) and fowl typhoid (FT) have been known as egg drop laying diseases because of the serious layer damage from mass zone layer. In this study, such egg drop laying diseases were investigated. To access this study, we peformed to evaluate antibody titers in serum and isolated bacteria and virus from organs and feces on May, July and September in 2003. The distribution of ND from January to May, IB and LPAI from October to February of the next year, and FT from March to September were inspected by the question survey in 21 farms. ND revealed to be positive rates of 490 to 474 $(96.7\%)$ in May, 510 to 506 $(99.2\%)$ in July and 510 to 510 $(100\%)$ in September with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The mean antibody titers were 10.2, 9.9 and 10.2, respectively. With regard to IB, 484 out of 490 samples $(98.7\%)$ in May, 508 of 510 $(99.6\%)$ in July and 509 of 510 $(99.8\%)$ in September showed positive results and the mean antibody titers were gradually increased with 8.2, 9.0 and 9.4, respectively. According to HI test of LPAI, the positive results were shown in 442 of 480 $(92.1\%)$, 394 of 494 $(79.8\%)$ and 402 of 483 $(83.2\%)$ in May, July and September, respectively The mean antibody titers were decreased with 4.6, 4.3 and 4.0. The distribution of LPAI also elicited the positive rates of 480 to 475 $(99.0\%)$ in May, 494 to 485$(98.2\%)$ in July, 483 to 472 $(97.7\%)$ in September as determined by ELISA and the mean S/P ratio were 2.319, 2.557 and 2.380, respectively. Compared ELISA results with HI test of LPAI the positive results were 480 to 422 $(92.1\%),\;475(99.0\%),\;494\;to\;394 (79.8\%),\;485 (98.2\%)\;and\;483\;to\;402(83.2\%),\;472(97.7\%)$. Therefore, the positive rate determined by ELISA was higher than that of HI test with 6.9, 18.4 and $14.5\%$, respectively. When performed RT-PCR for ND using organ and feces samples, the pathotypes were detected $5(15.6\%)\;in\;May,\; 2(5.3\%) in\;July,\;2(7.1\%)$ in September but there is no samples showing positive band for LPAI. In attempt to isolate Salmonella gallinarum, bacteria were obtained from 4 cases (12.5%) in May, 9 (23.6%) in July, 5 (17.8%) in September. Thus the highest rate for isolation revealed to be shown in July When evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 isolated strains of 5. gallinarum, bacteria were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethox$(61.1\%),\;kanamycin\;(55.5\%),\;ampicillin\;(55.5\%)$ and amoxacillin/clavulanic acid $(55.5\%)$, cephalothin $(50.0\%)$, but resistant to penicillin $(88.9\%)$, streptomycin $(88.9\%)$, erythromycin $(83_4\%)$ and tetracycline $(61.1\%)$. According to HI test of ND and LPAI using captured 164 wild Korean tree sparrows (Passer nontanus), the positive rates were $47.6\%\;and\;57.3\%$, and the mean HI titers were 5.32 and 4.02, respectively. 71 $(43.2\%)\;and\;58(35.3\%)$ in captured sparrows also showed more than 4 titers for HI test to ND and LPAI, respectively However, the attempt for isolation of viruses failed in all samples.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.137-154
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• 2018

Animal infectious diseases, such as avian influenza and foot and mouth disease, occur almost every year and cause huge economic and social damage to the country. In order to prevent this, the anti-quarantine authorities have tried various human and material endeavors, but the infectious diseases have continued to occur. Avian influenza is known to be developed in 1878 and it rose as a national issue due to its high lethality. Food and mouth disease is considered as most critical animal infectious disease internationally. In a nation where this disease has not been spread, food and mouth disease is recognized as economic disease or political disease because it restricts international trade by making it complex to import processed and non-processed live stock, and also quarantine is costly. In a society where whole nation is connected by zone of life, there is no way to prevent the spread of infectious disease fully. Hence, there is a need to be aware of occurrence of the disease and to take action before it is distributed. Epidemiological investigation on definite diagnosis target is implemented and measures are taken to prevent the spread of disease according to the investigation results, simultaneously with the confirmation of both human infectious disease and animal infectious disease. The foundation of epidemiological investigation is figuring out to where one has been, and whom he or she has met. In a data perspective, this can be defined as an action taken to predict the cause of disease outbreak, outbreak location, and future infection, by collecting and analyzing geographic data and relation data. Recently, an attempt has been made to develop a prediction model of infectious disease by using Big Data and deep learning technology, but there is no active research on model building studies and case reports. KT and the Ministry of Science and ICT have been carrying out big data projects since 2014 as part of national R &D projects to analyze and predict the route of livestock related vehicles. To prevent animal infectious diseases, the researchers first developed a prediction model based on a regression analysis using vehicle movement data. After that, more accurate prediction model was constructed using machine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Lasso, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. In particular, the prediction model for 2017 added the risk of diffusion to the facilities, and the performance of the model was improved by considering the hyper-parameters of the modeling in various ways. Confusion Matrix and ROC Curve show that the model constructed in 2017 is superior to the machine learning model. The difference between the2016 model and the 2017 model is that visiting information on facilities such as feed factory and slaughter house, and information on bird livestock, which was limited to chicken and duck but now expanded to goose and quail, has been used for analysis in the later model. In addition, an explanation of the results was added to help the authorities in making decisions and to establish a basis for persuading stakeholders in 2017. This study reports an animal infectious disease prevention system which is constructed on the basis of hazardous vehicle movement, farm and environment Big Data. The significance of this study is that it describes the evolution process of the prediction model using Big Data which is used in the field and the model is expected to be more complete if the form of viruses is put into consideration. This will contribute to data utilization and analysis model development in related field. In addition, we expect that the system constructed in this study will provide more preventive and effective prevention.