• Title/Summary/Keyword: Autonomous Driving car

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Who Should Live? Autonomous Vehicles and Moral Decision-Making (자율주행차와 윤리적 의사결정: 누가 사는 것이 더 합당한가?)

  • Shin, Hong Im
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.15-30
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    • 2019
  • The reduction of traffic accidents is a primary potential benefit of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, the prevalence of AVs also arouses a key question: to what extent should a human wrest control back from AVs? Specifically, in an unavoidable situation of emergency, should an AV be able to decide between the safety of its own passengers and endangered pedestrians? Should AV programming include well-accepted decision rules about actionsto take in hypothetical situations? The current study (N = 103) examined individual/situational variables that could perform critical decision-making roles in AV related traffic accidents. The individual variable of attitudes toward AVs was assessed using the Self-driving Car Acceptance Scale. To investigate situational influences on decisional processes, the study's participants were assigned to one of two groups: the achievement value was activated in one group and the benevolence value was triggered in the other through the use of a sentence completion task. Thereafter, participants were required to indicate who should be protected from injury: the passengers of the concerned AV, or endangered pedestrians. Participants were also asked to record the extent to which they intended to buy an AV programmed to decide in favor of the greater good according to Utilitarian principles. The results suggested that participants in the "achievement value: driver perspective" groupexpressed the lowest willingness to sacrifice themselves to save several pedestrians in an unavoidable traffic accident. This group of participants was also the most reluctant to buy an AV programmed with utilitarian rules, even though there were significant positive relationships between members' acceptance of AVs and their expressed intention to purchase one. These findings highlight the role of the decisional processes involved in the "achievement value" pertaining to AVs. The paper finally records the limitations of the present study and suggests directions for future research.

5G Mobile Communications: 4th Industrial Aorta (5G 이동통신: 4차 산업 대동맥)

  • Kim, Jeong Su;Lee, Moon Ho
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.337-351
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    • 2018
  • This paper discusses 5G IOT, Augmented Reality, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Future Autonomous Driving Vehicle technology, and presents 5G utilization of Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games and Jeju Smart City model. The reason is that 5G is the main artery of the 4th industry.5G is the fourth industrial aorta because 5G is the core infrastructure of the fourth industrial revolution. In order for the AI, autonomous vehicle, VR / AR, and Internet (IoT) era to take off, data must be transmitted several times faster and more securely than before. For example, if you send a stop signal to LTE, which is a communication technology, to a remote autonomous vehicle, it takes a hundredth of a second. It seems to be fairly fast, but if you run at 100km / h, you can not guarantee safety because the car moves 30cm until it stops. 5G is more than 20 gigabits per second (Gbps), about 40 times faster than current LTE. Theoretically, the vehicle can be set up within 1 cm. 5G not only connects 1 million Internet (IoT) devices within a radius of 1 kilometer, but also has a speed delay of less than 0.001 sec. Steve Mollenkov, chief executive officer of Qualcomm, the world's largest maker of smartphones, said, "5G is a key element and innovative technology that will connect the future." With 5G commercialization, there will be an economic effect of 12 trillion dollars in 2035 and 22 million new jobs We can expect to see the effect of creation.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

A Study on the Implement of Image Recognition the Road Traffic Safety Information Board using Nearest Neighborhood Decision Making Algorithm (최근접 이웃 결정방법 알고리즘을 이용한 도로교통안전표지판 영상인식의 구현)

  • Jung Jin-Yong;Kim Dong-Hyun;Lee So-Haeng
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.4
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    • pp.257-284
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    • 2000
  • According as the drivers increase who have their cars, the comprehensive studies on the automobile for the traffic safety have been raised as the important problems. Visual Recognition System for radio-controled driving is a part of the sensor processor of Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle System. When a driver drives his car on an unknown highway or general road, it produces a model from the successively inputted road traffic information. The suggested Recognition System of the Road Traffic Safety Information Board is to recognize and distinguish automatically a Road Traffic Safety Information Board as one of road traffic information. The whole processes of Recognition System of the Road Traffic Safety Information Board suggested in this study are as follows. We took the photographs of Road Traffic Safety Information Board with a digital camera in order to get an image and normalize bitmap image file with a size of $200{\times}200$ byte with Photo Shop 5.0. The existing True Color is made up the color data of sixteen million kinds. We changed it with 256 Color, because it has large capacity, and spend much time on calculating. We have practiced works of 30 times with erosion and dilation algorithm to remove unnecessary images. We drawing out original image with the Region Splitting Technique as a kind of segmentation. We made three kinds of grouping(Attention Information Board, Prohibit Information Board, and Introduction Information Board) by RYB( Red, Yellow, Blue) color segmentation. We minimized the image size of board, direction, and the influence of rounding. We also minimized the Influence according to position. and the brightness of light and darkness with Eigen Vector and Eigen Value. The data sampling this feature value appeared after building the learning Code Book Database. The suggested Recognition System of the Road Traffic Safety Information Board firstly distinguished three kinds of groups in the database of learning Code Book, and suggested in order to recognize after comparing and judging the board want to recognize within the same group with Nearest Neighborhood Decision Making.

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Timing Jitter Analysis and Improvement Method using Single-Shot LiDAR system (Single-Shot LiDAR system을 이용한 Timing Jitter 분석 및 개선 방안)

  • Han, Mun-hyun;Choi, Gyu-dong;Song, Min-hyup;Seo, Hong-seok;Mheen, Bong-ki
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2016.10a
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    • pp.172-175
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    • 2016
  • Time of Flight(ToF) LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging) technology has been used for distance measurement and object detection by measuring ToF time information. This technology has been evolved into higher precision measurement field such like autonomous driving car and terrain analysis since the retrieval of exact ToF time information is of prime importance. In this paper, as a accuracy indicator of the ToF time information, timing jitter was measured and analyzed through Single-Shot LiDAR system(SSLs) mainly consisting of 1.5um wavelength MOPA LASER, InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode(APD) at 31M free space environment. Additionally, we applied spline interpolation and multiple-shot averaging method on measured data through SSLs to improve ToF timing information.

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A Study on the Estimation of the V2 X-Rate Ratio for the Collection of Highway Traffic Information (고속도로 교통정보 수집을 위한 V2X 차량비율 추정연구)

  • Na, Sungyong;Lee, Seungjae;Ahn, Sanghyun;Kim, Jooyoung
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.71-78
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    • 2018
  • Transportation is gradually changing into the era of V2X and autonomous cars. Accurate judgement of traffic conditions is an important indicator of route choice or autonomous driving. There are many ways to use probes car such as taxis, as a way to identify accurate traffic conditions. These methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the probe vehicle, and there is a problem with the cost. The V2X vehicle can solve these problems and collect traffic information in real time. If all vehicles are of V2X vehicle, these issues are expected to be resolved briefly. However, if the communication information of a V2X vehicle is represented by a traffic representative in a traffic with only V2X, the traffic information of some V2X vehicles will be able to collect traffic information. To accomplish this, a virtual network and transport were created and various scenarios were performed through SUMO simulations. It has been analyzed that 3-5 % of V2 vehicles are capable of representative the road traffic characteristics. In the future, various follow-up studies are planned.

A Study on Artificial Intelligence Ethics Perceptions of University Students by Text Mining (텍스트 마이닝으로 살펴본 대학생들의 인공지능 윤리 인식 연구)

  • Yoo, Sujin;Jang, YunJae
    • Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.947-960
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    • 2021
  • In this study, we examine the AI ethics perception of university students to explore the direction of AI ethics education. For this, 83 students wrote their thoughts about 5 discussion topics on online bulletin board. We analyzed it using language networks, one of the text mining techniques. As a result, 62.5% of students spoke the future of the AI society positively. Second, if there is a self-driving car accident, 39.2% of students thought it is the vehicle owner's responsibility at the current level of autonomous driving. Third, invasion of privacy, abuse of technology, and unbalanced information acquisition were cited as dysfunctions of the development of AI. It was mentioned that ethical education for both AI users and developers is required as a way to minimize malfunctions, and institutional preparations should be carried out in parallel. Fourth, only 19.2% of students showed a positive opinion about a society where face recognition technology is universal. Finally, there was a common opinion that when collecting data including personal information, only the part with the consent should be used. Regarding the use of AI without moral standards, they emphasized the ethical literacy of both users and developers. This study is meaningful in that it provides information necessary to design the contents of artificial intelligence ethics education in liberal arts education.

Integration and Decision Algorithm for Location-Based Road Hazardous Data Collected by Probe Vehicles (프로브 수집 위치기반 도로위험정보 통합 및 판단 알고리즘)

  • Chae, Chandle;Sim, HyeonJeong;Lee, Jonghoon
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.173-184
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    • 2018
  • As the portable traffic information collection system using probe vehicles spreads, it is becoming possible to collect road hazard information such as portholes, falling objects, and road surface freezing using in-vehicle sensors in addition to existing traffic information. In this study, we developed a integration and decision algorithm that integrates time and space in real time when multiple probe vehicles detect events such as road hazard information based on GPS coordinates. The core function of the algorithm is to determine whether the road hazard information generated at a specific point is the same point from the result of detecting multiple GPS probes with different GPS coordinates, Generating the data, (3) continuously determining whether the generated event data is valid, and (4) ending the event when the road hazard situation ends. For this purpose, the road risk information collected by the probe vehicle was processed in real time to achieve the conditional probability, and the validity of the event was verified by continuously updating the road risk information collected by the probe vehicle. It is considered that the developed hybrid processing algorithm can be applied to probe-based traffic information collection and event information processing such as C-ITS and autonomous driving car in the future.

Road Extraction from Images Using Semantic Segmentation Algorithm (영상 기반 Semantic Segmentation 알고리즘을 이용한 도로 추출)

  • Oh, Haeng Yeol;Jeon, Seung Bae;Kim, Geon;Jeong, Myeong-Hun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.239-247
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    • 2022
  • Cities are becoming more complex due to rapid industrialization and population growth in modern times. In particular, urban areas are rapidly changing due to housing site development, reconstruction, and demolition. Thus accurate road information is necessary for various purposes, such as High Definition Map for autonomous car driving. In the case of the Republic of Korea, accurate spatial information can be generated by making a map through the existing map production process. However, targeting a large area is limited due to time and money. Road, one of the map elements, is a hub and essential means of transportation that provides many different resources for human civilization. Therefore, it is essential to update road information accurately and quickly. This study uses Semantic Segmentation algorithms Such as LinkNet, D-LinkNet, and NL-LinkNet to extract roads from drone images and then apply hyperparameter optimization to models with the highest performance. As a result, the LinkNet model using pre-trained ResNet-34 as the encoder achieved 85.125 mIoU. Subsequent studies should focus on comparing the results of this study with those of studies using state-of-the-art object detection algorithms or semi-supervised learning-based Semantic Segmentation techniques. The results of this study can be applied to improve the speed of the existing map update process.

Attention based Feature-Fusion Network for 3D Object Detection (3차원 객체 탐지를 위한 어텐션 기반 특징 융합 네트워크)

  • Sang-Hyun Ryoo;Dae-Yeol Kang;Seung-Jun Hwang;Sung-Jun Park;Joong-Hwan Baek
    • Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.190-196
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    • 2023
  • Recently, following the development of LIDAR technology which can detect distance from the object, the interest for LIDAR based 3D object detection network is getting higher. Previous networks generate inaccurate localization results due to spatial information loss during voxelization and downsampling. In this study, we propose an attention-based convergence method and a camera-LIDAR convergence system to acquire high-level features and high positional accuracy. First, by introducing the attention method into the Voxel-RCNN structure, which is a grid-based 3D object detection network, the multi-scale sparse 3D convolution feature is effectively fused to improve the performance of 3D object detection. Additionally, we propose the late-fusion mechanism for fusing outcomes in 3D object detection network and 2D object detection network to delete false positive. Comparative experiments with existing algorithms are performed using the KITTI data set, which is widely used in the field of autonomous driving. The proposed method showed performance improvement in both 2D object detection on BEV and 3D object detection. In particular, the precision was improved by about 0.54% for the car moderate class compared to Voxel-RCNN.