Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13088/jiis.2021.27.1.191

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving  

Cho, Moon Ki (Department of Software, Erica, Hanyang University)
Bae, Kyoung Yul (Department of Computer Science, SangMyung University)
Publication Information
Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems / v.27, no.1, 2021 , pp. 191-207 More about this Journal
Abstract
Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.
Keywords
Autonomous driving; 5G; Delay; Latency; V2X(vehicle to X); SDN(Soft defined network);
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Bae, K. Y., andCho, M. K., "SANET-CC : Zone IP Allocation Protocol for Offshore Networks." Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, 26.4 (2020): 87-109.   DOI
2 Chae. W., and T. W. Kwon, "A Study on the Design of Network System for Defense Integrated Data Center Using NFV/SDN." KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems, 9.2 (2020), 31-36.   DOI
3 E. Uhlemann, "Initial steps toward a cellular vehicleto-everything standard," IEEE Veh. Tech. Magazine, vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2017.
4 ETSI, "Network Functions Virtualisation," Intruductory White Paper, SDN and OpenFlow World Congress, 2012.
5 ITU-R M.2083-0, "IMT Vision Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond", 2015.
6 Imtiaz. P., and G. Ismail, "A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions", IEEE Commsunications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.20, No. 4, 3098-3130, 2018.   DOI
7 Kim, Y. H., T. Y. Kim, D. Y. Lee, and S. H. Bae, "Analysis of Small Cell Technology Application for Performance Improvement in Simulation-based 5G Communication Environment." Smart Media Journal, 9.2 (2020), 16-21.   DOI
8 Kim, J. G., and T. W. Kwon "Efficient Load Balancing Technique Considering Data Generation Form and Server Response Time in SDN."The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences, 15.4 (2020), 679-686.   DOI
9 Kang. S. H., Y. H. Kim, and S. H. Yang, "SDN Core Technology and Evolutionary Outlook Analysis,"The Journal of The Korean Institute of Communication Sciences, Vol.30, No.3 (2013), 3-8.
10 Lee, H. W., and K. Bae, "The Requirements and Solutions of 5G Mobile Communication for Industry 4.0,"INFORMATION-An International Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol.18, No.11(2015), 4713-4720.
11 Lee. S. W., and J. S. Lee, "V2X image transfer protocol using 5G network." The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 45.7 (2020), 1314-1321.   DOI
12 Lee. H., D.S. Kwon, "Research Trends of Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Machine Learning-based Wireless Communication Technology", ERTI Electronics and Communications Trends, Vol.34, No.3, pp.93-105, 2019.
13 ONF, "Software-Defined Networking: The New Norm for Networks", ONF White Paper, 2012.
14 SKTelecom, SKtelecom 5G Whitepaper, SKtelecom, 2014.
15 Shin. K. Y., W. W. Lee, and D. W. Kim, "Developing an Augmented Reality-based Integrated Command and Control Platform under 5G Technologies and Its Applications." Journal of Digital Contents Society (J. Dcs), 21.5 (2020), 855-864.   DOI
16 Sulyman. A. l., A. T. Nassar, M. K. Samimi, G. R. MacCartney Jr., T. S. Rappaport, and A. Alsanie, "Radio Propagation Path Loss Model for 5G Cellular Networks in the 28GHz and 38GHz Millimeter-Wave Bands," Communications Magazine IEEE. vol. 52, no. 9 (2014), 78-86.