• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 춘계종합학술대회 A
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• pp.976-979
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• 2008

인터넷이 우리 생활에 많은 비중을 차지함에 따라 인터넷 중독과 관련하여 많은 정신질환들이 문제시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지속적인 주의력 산만, 과다활동, 충동성을 특징으로 하는 주의력결핍과잉행동장애와 인터넷 중독과의 관련성 여부를 알아보고 인터넷 중독 하위의 어떤 요인이 주의력결핍과잉행동장애에 영향을 미치는 지에 대하여 밝혀보고자 하였다. 특히 과잉행동장애가 감소하는 고등학생을 표본집단으로 신뢰도분석, 빈도분석, 교차분석, ANOVA분석, Pearson 상관분석을 통해 인터넷 중독과 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애의 관련성 연구에 필요한 적절한 결과를 도출했다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2002

Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) have symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD are responsive to medications such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, pemoline, and bupropion. The functional change of the dopamine transporter is related to the therapeutic effect of these drugs. This can be one reason for the dopamine transporter to be emphasized in the research field of ADHD. ADHD has a genetic tendency. Since dopamine transporter gene(DAT1) knock out mice were reported to be several times more active than normal mice in a novel situation, lights has been shed on DAT1 as a candidate gene for ADHD. Though there have been several studies which reported an association between DAT1 and ADHD, the association between DAT1 and ADHD is not conclusive. Since Vandenbergh reported the DAT1 polymorphism with variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR), and the racial differences in allelic frequencies of the DAT1, wide ethnic variation in the distribution of the DAT1 polymorphism had been confirmed. Wide ethnic variation in the distribution of the DAT1 suggested that there might be ethnic difference in the association between DAT1 and ADHD. Before applying previous findings to Koreans, verification might be needed for Korean patients with ADHD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.644-652
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sugar intake and behavioral problems in Korean school children. The subjects were 280 school children lived in Soung Nam city. Nutrient and sugar intakes were measured by 24-hour recall method and food frequency method through personal interview. Hyperactivity scores of children were measured by teacher and mother using conners Rating Scale-Revised. The average daily total sugar intake for the total sample was 63.0$\pm$37.4g(Range : 10g-220g). The result of stepwise multiple regression analysis using the sugar intake as dependent variable showed that energy, participation of school lunch program, Vit B2, protein, education of fathers, niacin, calcium are significant explanatory variables, explaining 44.8% of variation. As a result of the Conners scale test by teacher, 4% of children were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) children. A result of the Conners scale test by mother, 8% of children were ADHD children. The result of simple regression analysis had not shown significant relationship between sugar intake and ADHD scores. But the result of the Conners test by teacher, sugar intake(69.9$\pm$37.1g) of ADHD children were significantly higher than sugar intake(62.9$\pm$37.7g) of normal children(p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.40-54
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• 1990

Rutter의 아동행동평가표에 의한 정서행동문제아동들과 정상아동들 리고 DSM-III-R의 진단기준에 부합되는 주의력결핍과잉운동장애아동들에 대해 뇌파조사를 시행하여 뇌파이상의 빈도와 양상을 알아보았다. 그 결과, 정서행동문제아동군은 정상대조군과 뇌파이상의 빈도 및 양상에 차이를 보이지 않았지만. 주의력결핍과잉운동장애아동군은 정상대조군에 비해 후두부에서 alpha파의 평균 진폭이 낮았고, 평균출현시간이 짧았으며, 또한 좌측 후두부가 우측 후두부에 비해 alpha파 특히 alpha(2)과의 평균출현시간이 길었다. 이로써 국민학교아동의 정서행동문제는 뇌파이상과는 별 관련성이 없는 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 주의력결핍과잉운동장애아동군은 정상 대조군에 비해 alpha파의 발달이 덜 되어 있음을 알았다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.70-83
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• 2017

The objective of this review is the revision of the Korean practice parameters for the pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the change in the diagnostic system from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 and psychopharmacological developments. For the evidence-based approach, the authors conducted a review of the literature, including controlled clinical trials, studies of the side effects of drugs, toxicology and meta-analyses from the United States and Europe, as well as recent research conducted in Korea. The review committee composed of Korean experts on ADHD reviewed the revised parameters. This revised version reveals how to use central nervous system psychostimulants, non-stimulants such as atomoxetine and alpha2 agonists, and other medication for ADHD, and how to manage the adverse effects of such medication. At the end of this revised version, the authors propose recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.84-95
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• 2017

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that begins in early childhood and can persist throughout adulthood. ADHD causes difficulties in various area of life, such as academic achievement, peer relationships, family functioning, employment and marriage. Although ADHD is known to respond well to medication, such treatment is more effective when combined with psychosocial (non-pharmacologic) therapy in terms of alleviating the core symptoms and improving appropriate functions. Psychosocial treatment interventions are divided into psychoeducation, behavioral parent training, school intervention, cognitive behavior therapy, social skill training, parent-child interaction therapy, play therapy, other treatments (coaching, complementary and alternative medicine), neurofeedback and Cogmed. Adult ADHD cognitive behavioral therapy is described separately. These practice parameters summarize the evidence for psychosocial treatment. Based on this evidence, specific recommendations are provided for psychosocial interventions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권10호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2019

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have a major impact on individuals, families, and society. Therefore identification risk factors of ADHD are a public health priority. Purpose: This is meta-analysis evaluated the association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and the risk of ADHD among the resulting offspring. Methods: The search identified studies published through December 2018 in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) extracted from eligible studies were used as the common measure of association among studies. Results: A significant association was found between overweight women and the risk of ADHD among children with the pooled HR and OR estimates (HR, 1.27 and 95% CI, 1.17-1.37; OR, 1.28 and 95% CI, 1.15-1.40, respectively). This association was significant between obese women and the risk of ADHD among children and adolescents with the pooled estimates of HR and OR (HR, 1.65 and 95% CI, 1.55-1.76; OR, 1.42 and 95% CI, 1.23-1.61). Conclusion: The current epidemiological studies present sufficient evidence that prepregnancy overweight and obesity are significantly associated with an increased risk of ADHD among children and adolescents. These findings provide a new approach to preventing ADHD by controlling weight gain in the prenatal period, which should be considered by policymakers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

Objectives: Prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure may be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between Cd exposure during gestation and ADHD at 6 years of age. Methods: As part of an ongoing cohort study (the Environment and Development of Children study), 479 mother-child pairs from Seoul, Korea were included for analysis between 2008 and 2011. The whole blood concentration of Cd was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The parents were surveyed about ADHD behaviors in their children at age 6. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to Cd and ADHD at 6 years of age. Results: Increased prenatal Cd concentrations were associated with increased scores for ADHD for girls, but not for boys, at age 6. A 2-fold increase in the prenatal Cd level was significantly associated with a 22.3% (95% confidence interval, 11.6 to 34.1) increase in ADHD in girls at 6 years of age, as indicated by the linear regression model. Conclusions: Our results identified significant associations between prenatal Cd exposure and ADHD scores in 6-year-old girls.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the prenatal, perinatal and developmental risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared to unaffected siblings (SIB), and typically developing children (TC). Methods : Subjects with ADHD, their SIB, and TC were recruited from the child psychiatry outpatient clinic of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. The parents of the children completed questionnaires on perinatal and developmental risk factors. Results : Fifty-eight subjects with ADHD (41 boys, $7.7{\pm}1.3years$), 21 SIB (8 boys, $8.2{\pm}1.8years$), and 22 TC (8 boys, $8.5{\pm}2.1years$) were included. The ADHD group showed higher rates of maternal stress during pregnancy than the SIB group (p=.002), and the ADHD group showed higher rates of familial psychiatric history than the TC (odds ratio, 8.76 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 45.45). Conclusion : These findings suggest that among perinatal and developmental factors, maternal stress during pregnancy contribute to the development of ADHD. Future prospective studies will be needed in order to determine the causal relationship between perinatal risk factors and development of ADHD.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.382-391
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors influencing on educational intervention for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) after analyzing the relationship among teachers' internal-external locus of control, leadership type and educational intervention for ADHD. Methods: A cross sectional study design was conducted with 255 teachers in three schools located in D, K and Y city. The data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression using SPSS 20.0. Results: Internal locus of control showed significantly positive correlations with educational intervention for ADHD. Efficient leadership type, harmony-oriented leadership type showed significant differences in inefficient leadership type on educational intervention for ADHD. Significant factors of the educational intervention were efficient leadership type, harmony-oriented leadership type, task-oriented leadership type and internal locus of control that were explained by 20.0% (F=12.5, p<.001) of educational intervention for ADHD. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is necessary to have teacher's efficient leadership type focused on ADHD symptoms. Teachers need to enhance their positive domain of internal-external locus of control towards students with ADHD to increase the effectiveness of their educational interventions for ADHD.