• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

In order to find useful taxonomic morphological characters, 17 taxa from East-Asia Astragalus and Oxytropis anertii were investigated. In this study, seed coat structure, fruit surface, and fruit anatomical structures were selected to classify the species in Astragalus. As a results, useful morphological and anatomical characters in East-Asia Astragalus were life cycle, leaflet shape, raceme, petal color, seed color, pod shape, absent or present of hairs in pod surface, bent degree of dorsal suture, and thickness of endocarp. Using medicinal sources in China, A. floridus, A. membranaceus, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and A. tongolensis were formed same group. However, these were not completely consensus in the morphological characters. The other hand, A. koraiensis and A. sikokianus, which have controversial taxonomic issue, have clearly no differences morphological characters each other. Therefore, A. koraiensis, A. sikokianus, and A. bhotanensis should be conducted a comparative study on the DNA sequences and molecular cytology in order to clarify the taxonomic treatments in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2013

This study was carried out to determine the karyotype and chromosomal localizations of 45S and 5S rDNAs using FISH in Astragalus koraiensis. The somatic metaphase chromosome number of this species was 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number of x = 8. The karyotype of A. koraiensis was consisted of six pairs of median region chromosomes(chromosome 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) and two pairs of submedian chromosomes(chromosome 2, 7). Based on the FISH, one pair of 45S rDNA site was detected on the centromeric region of chromosome 5. Whereas, two pair of 5S sites were detected on the short arm of chromosome 4 and centromeric region of chromosome 7, respectively. These are quite different patterns from A. membranaceus, A. membranaceus var. alpinus, and A. mongholicus. Although A. koraiensis is considered as Korean endemic species, therefore, it should be conducted out comparative FISH study with A. sikokianus and A. bhotanensis which are very similar to A. koraiensis morphologically.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.396-400
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• 2015

To investigate the optimal conditions for shoot organogenesis in Astragalus sinicus L., hypocotyl explants were cultured in Murashige & Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) for 6 weeks. 2,4-D concentration significantly effected morphogenesis: some produced calli with adventitious shoots and roots, some produced calli with adventitious roots, some produced only calli, and some produced deep-brownish calli with roots. The formation of calli with shoots and/or roots was observed at lower levels of 2,4-D, whereas calli without shoots or with deep-brownish roots were formed after treatment with higher levels of 2,4-D. Also, a shoot organogenesis ability of callus clones was observed after treatment with medium with 0.1 or 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D grown in MS medium with combinations of benzyl adenine (BA) and 2,4-D for 4 weeks. Medium with a combination of BA and 2,4-D was effective for shoot formation, whereas root organogenesis from calli decreased. The greatest amount of shoot formation was obtained when calli were cultured in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA. Upon shoot transfer into 1/2 MS basal medium, plantlets developed, and the plantlets grew well in soil in a greenhouse.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to examine the seed structure and to investigate the changes of seed vigor and germinability according to storage condition of Astragalus membranaceus. In case of the hard seed, there observed a gap between a testa and an embryo with abnormal shapes of an hilum and its micropyle. Seeds stored at room temperature maintained vitality for 4 months but continued to lose its vitality, while increase the hand seeds ratio as storing time longer. The content of Ca increased in proportion to the length of storing time.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.3 s.58
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• pp.193-200
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• 2006

We investigated the effect of moisturizing and anti-oxidation of Astragalus membranaceus (Astragali Radix) root extract with respective to growing districts and extract methods for the purpose of development of cosmetic ingredients. Astragalii Radix was collected in Jecheon, Jeongseon, Taebaek, and Yeongju in Korea and China as growing districts. Formononetin was determinated by HPLC method as one of the various active agents in Astragalus membranaceus root extract. The 75% ethanol extract demonstrated to be more effective than $H_2O$-extracted one for a scavenging activities to DPPH radicals and reactive oxygens. The 75% ethanol extract showed $IC_{50}$ (50% scavenging concentration) of 2.162 mg/mL and 2.981 mg/mL in case of free radical scavenging activity test and reactive oxygen scavenging activity test, respectively Especially, free radical scavenging activity of isoflavonoids isolated from ethylacetate fraction was similar to scavenging activity of genistein. Astragalus membranaceus root extract of Jecheon district by sonicating extraction method was more effective in skin hydration compared with others.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.394-399
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• 2013

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge is used in herbal medicine in Eastern Asian countries including Korea. In this study, we assessed the effects of A. membranaceus extract (AM) on the aquaporin-3 (AQP3) protein expression in HaCaT cells. AM did not affect viability of HaCaT cells. AQP3 expression and cell migration seem to be maximal at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor, PD153035, blocked AM-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. In addition, an 80% ethanol extracts of herbal prescription, SinhyoTakleesan (ST), which is composed of A. membranaceus, Angelicae gigantis, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linne, and Lonicera japonica Flos also induced AQP3 expression at $20{\mu}g/mL$ in HaCaT cells. Collectively, these results suggest that AM induce AQP3 expression via EGFR pathway.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.176-179
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• 2006

Electron beam irradiation was applied to examine the microbial growth and qualities of vacuum-packaged Astragalus membranaceus, a Korean medicinal herb. Samples were irradiated at dose of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 kGy, respectively. Microbiological data on A. membranaceus showed that populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, total coliforms were significantly reduced with increase of irradiation dose. Populations of microorganisms in A. membranaceus were decreased by 2-3 log cycles at 8 kGy irradiation. Color measurements showed that electron beam treatment caused negligible changes in Hunter color L, a, and b values of A. membranaceus. Sensory evaluations showed that there were no significant changes among the samples. These results suggest that electron beam irradiated A. membranaceus have better microbial safety and qualities, compared with the non-irradiated control.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1996

The components were isolated from the root of Astragalus membranaceus and their structures were characterized as 3,4-methylenedioxypyrrolealdehyde, $7-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl$ 7, 3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy isoflavone and a naphthalene derivative on the basis of spectral and physical methods. $7-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl$ 7, 3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy isoflavone and the naphthalene compound showed protective effect on $CC_{l4}-induced$ cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.344-351
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• 2003

Phytochemical examination of seeds of Astragalus sinicus has led to the isolation and characterization of kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-D-apiofuranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (1), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (2), ampelopsin (3), ampelopsin $3'-O-{\beta}-D-xylopyranoside$ (4), ampelopsin $3'-O-{\beta}-Dxylopyranoside$ (5), myricetin (6), myricetin $3'-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (7), myricetin $3'-O-{\beta}-D-xylopyranoside$ (8). Antioxidative activity of these compounds was determined by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Flavanonols(3,4, and 5) showed potent antioxidative activity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.265-268
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, light, seed harvesting time, storage temperature, and period on its germination of Astragalus membranaceus. Optimum germination temperature was ${20{\sim}25^{\circ}C}$ and it was found to be light insensitive seed. The germination rates were not significantly different between 1-year and 2-year old plants, and seed harvesting times. Seeds stored at such cold temperatures as ${-4^{\circ}C\;and\;-20^{\circ}C}$ for 15 months showed over 80% in germination rate at the 6th day after placement. On the other hand, low germination rate of 60% at the 11th day was observed from the seeds stored at $4^{\circ}$ and room temperature.