• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2007

Bong-amsa Temple is a special temple in the custody of Jogye sect, a branch of Buddhism in Korea. Due to limited public access to this temple, its Geungnakjeon(paradise shrine) has been little known to outside. But it is known that the Geungnakjeon has been not yet explored from academic standpoints in terms of its historical establishment as well as applications, and it would be two-storied wooden pagoda or the like. In order to examine its historical establishment, this study investigated historical records related to Bong-amsa Temple and its intrinsic architectural style. As a result, it was estimated that the building was established around the transitional period ranging from the late Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty. And it was found that the Geungnakjeon is not the two-storied wooden pagoda, but the unique building including an incidental component called Chayanggan(遮陽間; a sort of stepped penthouse) in Korea. In order to examine its possible applications, this study compared this building with other Buddhist funeral articles in forms similar thereto, such as Buddhist pagoda(僧塔), sarira container(舍利器) and Gamnodo(甘露圖) which depicts Byeoknyeon Daeban(碧蓮臺畔; a palanquin carrying malignant spirit). Then, this study estimated its possible applications on the basis of relevant historical literatures. As a result, it was found that this building was used as Wondang(願堂; a sort of Buddhist prayer house) to wish royal family's going to Nirvana after death, and it was not Confucian-style architecture popularized in the era of Joseon dynasty, but Buddhist-style architecture built widely from the era of Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.31-56
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• 2016

This study analyzes the effect of a minimum wage on the wage compression within Korean establishments. The results are as follows. Firstly, increases of a ratio of workers who get minimum wage within establishments have a effect to compress the wage distribution within establishments. Secondly, the establishment average wages get lower as their minimum wage ratios get larger. In this situation, high wage group's wages fall deeply than low wage group's these. Thirdly, the relative wages of high wage group to low wage group tend to be small as their minimum wage ratios get larger. To conclude, a increase of minimum wage has a effect to raise low wage workers' wages directly, and to reduce high wage workers' wages or increase rates indirectly. And the wage distributions are compressed as a result. So government's policy to increase minimum wage will have a result in reducing wage inequality.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.475-490
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg-$CO_2$ for oystershells, 0.004692kg-$CO_2$ for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-$CO_2$ for bordeaux mixture liquid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose: This review was performed to establish a reference intake of water for Korean (KDRI-water) adults in 2015 by examining current knowledge of the relationship between water intake and health and the general status of water intake and loss. We expect that this study will be utilized for further refinement of KDRI-water. Methods: Documents were searched using RISS, NDSL, DBPIA, CINAHL, and Pubmed with the keywords 'water intake, water supply, water ingestion, hydration, dehydration, water balance, and fluid balance'. Results: Water balance is essential for the maintenance of health. Based on this assumption, numerous studies have been performed to investigate the association of water intake with several diseases such as urolithasis, obesity, diabetes, and cancer as well as other health problems, including constipation, cognition, and fetal weight. Effects of water intake for prevention or relief of these health problems vary. Water is supplied to the body by eating foods and drinking liquids such as plain water and beverages. Metabolic water is another source of water input. Water is lost through urine, skin, respiration, and feces. KDRI-water 2015 was set by adequate intake (AI) based on water intake volume, which was the sum of water intakes from foods and fluids reported by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with extra milk intake of 200 mL. AIs in some age groups were modified considering their estimated energy requirements. Conclusion: Accurate data of water intake is critically important for the establishment of KDRI-water. Therefore, improvement of systems investigating water intake is required, and more studies on the status of water intake and loss in Korean people are needed for definite KDRI-water establishment.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Current paradigm of industrial security is changing into the effective operation and management from simple establishment of security equipments. If the physical security system(entry control system, video security system, etc.) and the IT integrated security control system are conversed, it makes us possible to prevent, disrupt and track afterwards the insider's information leakage through the risk and security management of enterprise. That is, Without the additional expansion of the existing physical security and IT security manpower, the establishment of systematic conversion security management process in a short time is possible and can be expected the effective operation of professional organization system at all times. Now it is needed to build up integrated security management system as an individual technique including the security event collection and integrated management, the post connected tracking management in the case of security accident, the pattern definition and real time observation of information leakage and security violation, the rapid judgement and response/measure to the attempt of information leakage and security violation, the establishment of security policy by stages and systematically and conversion security.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.83-104
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• 2003

The use of DNA in identification is growing. The criminal DNA databases are in operation in some countries including the UK, Austria, Germany, and US. The militaries and law enforcement agencies in these countries have used the DNA profile. In Korea, DNA identification has been used in determining paternity and in criminal cases since the middle 1990's, and in recent years law enforcement agencies are promoting a national DNA database for identification. The DNA database threatens our civil liberties because of its potential to be used as an instrument of surveillance. Expanding the database puts increasing numbers of people on a 'list of suspects'. Nevertheless, there is little social concern about using DNA database for identification. This paper reviews social issues related to the establishment of DNA database and investigates the features of DNA profile and DNA Database establishment project promoted law enforcement agencies.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.45-61
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• 2023

The subject of this study is whether the relevant ordinances of Chungcheongnam-do's five local governments, operating intermediary support organizations for contracted-out community building, comply with the regional innovation and cooperative governance-based perspective. The examination results are summarized as follows. About the normative system: first, village building does not present that it is a participation- and cooperation-based collective activity of various related actors; second, the cooperative governance-based implementation system was not presented as a key term; third, "numerous relevant subjects' participation" and "democratic decision-making and cooperative promotion" are not presented as basic principles; fourth, the subjects are limited to residents and the administration, and only their responsibilities are presented. About the effectiveness system: first, the establishment of a master plan, a primary means, and the establishment of an in-charge department and collaboration system in the administration are presented as optional provisions; second, the nature of the relevant committees and intermediary support organizations is not presented as "public-private cooperation-based system"; third, the area of the function and authority of the relevant committees is limited to review and consultation. Fourth, the related information about the intermediary support organization structure and system, the establishment and operation of the secretariat, and the practical operation of the center is not presented. In sum, to make related ordinances become institutional grounds with stronger effectiveness, reconstructing them by strictly applying the perspectives of regional innovation and cooperative governance is necessary.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.135-149
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• 2021

This study analyzes the economic effect through the use of the RCEP direct transport rules, and suggests the necessacity of logistics efficiency and policy alternatives. The advantage of the hub network has been widely applied to the international logistics system, but there is a limit in the FTA logistics system in which goods must be directly transported between two contracting parties. Therefore, based on the new RCEP direct transport rules and the theoretical review on the possibility of an FTA logistics hub, FTA logistics efficiency improvement is estimated. This study quantitatively estimated the economic effect of direct transportation, unlike the previous studies, which were limited to the analysis of judicial precedents or surveys. GTAP model was used through five scenarios according to the impact of the RCEP tariff cut and the FTA logistics hub establishment in Singapore or Korea. As a result of the analysis, Korea's trade volume increased by 0.38% of exports and 1.63% of imports, and RCEP would increase exports by 0.27% and imports by 0.42%. In particular, the establishment of an FTA logistics hub (0.71%) was found to have a greater effect on the improvement of terms of trade than a tariff cut (0.12%), confirming the necessity of establishing an FTA logistics hub in RCEP. As a policy proposal, the institutional support of the customs authorities for the use of RCEP, the expansion of the free trade area where BWT traded cargo can be stored, and the establishment of a system for issuing back-to-back certificates of origin with approved exporters.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.378-389
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• 2018

This study is intended to comprehend the level of Crisis management through the review of the government Crisis management system, to draw its problems and improvement methods, and to present implications on the establishment of effective Crisis management systems for the future. For this, the condition of operating Crisis management system was analyzed based on legal system, organizations and networks through the major disaster cases during Park Geun-hye administration period. The result of the study showed that there was lack of the interconnectedness among laws in the legal system, manuals and disaster preparation training. The Crisis management organizations had such problems as inappropriate response to crisis, perfunctory re-organization and lack of organizations' functions. The problems in the networks were relations between central and local governments, lack of cooperation and association among each division, and operation methods. The presented improvements for the above problems were the comprehensive revision of legal system, securing responsiveness of Crisis management organizations and the establishment of organic network system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 2015

Research was initiated to investigate root growth characteristics of major cool-season grasses (CSG) and to collect basic information useful for sports turf design, construction and maintenance. Several turfgrasses were evaluated in the USGA (United States Golf Association) soil system. Turfgrass entries were comprised 3 blends and 3 mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Significant differences were found in root growth, rooting potential and rooting development. These characteristics increased with time after seeding, but varied with establishment stages. In early stage, root length was highest with PR, intermediate with TF and lowest with KB. Evaluation in a middle stage indicated that root growth was similar to early-stage evaluation, but decreased by 13 to 31% compared with early-stage values. Root growth of late stage increased by 34 to 85% over middle-stage root growth. Overall, thhere was not much difference in root length among treatments, with all except Mixture I reaching 22cm in root length. Rooting potential ranking was variable with establishment stage, being PR > KB > TF in early stage, PR > TF > KB in middle stage and TF > PR > KB in late stage. At the end of the study, TF was rated best for rooting development, followed by PR and finally KB. Our results showed that TF was the best species in regard to overall rooting characteristics. TF exhibited excellent rooting development with time after establishment. Bunch-type PR showed fast root growth in the early stage, but rooting quality characteristics decreased with time, especially for rooting development. By contrast, rhizomatous-type KB was poor in early-stage root growth, but rooting characteristics improved with time after establishment. These variations in rooting characteristics among CSGs were considered to arise from differences in establishment vigor, growth habit and genetic characteristics. Information on root growth, rooting potential and rooting development by establishment stages will be useful for sports turf design, construction and maintenance.