• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2022

In this study, we focus on the feasibility of structural topology optimization for a steel-timber composite beam design of optimally allocating glue-laminated timbers into a web with openings under the condition of given steel flanges. The motivation of this study is to topologically take maximal stiffness harmonizing both tension and compression performance of the steel-timber composite beam and become the eco-frandly timber design for buidling members. As a result of this study, the key web-openings allocation becomes triangle spaces, i.e., empty or no materials, of optimal topologies of both a pure timber plate and a steel flange-web timber plate without web-openings. Several applicable examples verify the effectiveness of topology optimization for steel-timber beams with web-openings.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to investigate the transformation of openings installed on the partition wall between Daechung and Bang, through the case study on MyungRyunDangs of 19 HangGyos in Kyungbuk province. The way to carry out this study was to look through existing situations and to find out transformed traces of the openings in terms of their locations on several floor types. The transformation of the openings was analyzed chronologically into two cases of 'before 18C' and 'after 18C'. i) Before 18C ; the early type had double swing window on the front column spacing and single swing door on the rear, and the later type had swing door on the front column spacing and on openings on the rear. ii) After 18C; the earlist type was the same as the later type of 'before 18C', the next type had swing doors on both the front and the rear column spacing, and the last type had Sabunhap-swing door on the column spacing, iii) Through those transformations, the windows gradually replaced by the doors in the openings.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2015

In this paper, transverse shear spacing and effective depth of wide beams were considered as parameters to evaluate the shear capacity of wide beam according to transverse spacing of steel plates with openings in experimental way. The eight specimens were composed of: five specimens of shear reinforced by steel plates with openings and three non-reinforced specimens. Crack, failure mode, strain and load-displacement curve of specimens were analysed. Shear contribution of shear reinforcement is evaluated and maximum transverse spacing of shear reinforcement was proposed. Shear strength of the specimen that reinforced with three stirrup legs was higher than shear strength of the specimen that reinforced with two stirrup legs. And as the effective depth increased, shear strength was increased.

• Architectural research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2005

Based on an experimental study, this study provides an equation to describe the shear strength of high-strength concrete deep beams with rectangular openings and without web reinforcements. Twenty-four concrete deep beams were tested with the variables of concrete strength, size of web opening, and shear span-to-depth ratio. The proposed equation is expressed as the sum of the shear strength provided by longitudinal bars and concrete. It is illustrated that the proposed equation predicts the load-carrying capacity of the deep beams more properly than the experimental equations proposed by other researchers.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.361-377
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• 2012

Four Reinforced Concrete (RC) single span structural walls having various opening sizes and locations were constructed and tested under lateral reversed cyclic loading at the structural laboratory of Kyoto University. These specimens were scaled to 40% and represented the lower three stories of a six-storied RC building. The main purposes of the experimental tests were to evaluate the shear behavior and to identify the influence of opening ratios on the cracks distribution and shear strength of RC structural walls. The shear strength of the specimens was estimated by combining the shear strength of structural wall without openings and the reduction factor that takes into account the openings. Experimental and analytical results showed that the shear strength was different depending on the loading direction due to opening locations. A two-dimensional finite element analysis was carried out to simulate the performance of the tested specimens. The constructed finite elements model simulated the lateral load-drift angle relations quite well.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.171-182
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• 2019

Isogeometric concept is introduced to carry out free vibration analysis of plane structures. The geometry of structures is represented by using non-uniform rational B-spline surface (NURBS) and its basis function is consistently used in the formulation of plane stress element. In addition, multi-patch strategy is introduced to deal with the openings in building. The performance of the present isogeometric plane stress element is investigated by using five numerical examples. From numerical results, it is found to be that the isogeometric concept can successfully identify reliable natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of plane structures with/without openings in efficient way.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.667-674
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• 2015

In this paper, shear behavior of concrete wide beam reinforced with plates with openings was evaluated. For this evaluation, evelen specimens were manufactured. One specimen was non-shear reinforced, five specimens were reinforced with steel plates and the other five specimens were reinforced GFRP plates. Shear strengths measured through experiments were compared with ones calculated from the equation provided by ACI 318. Longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement, transverse spacing of shear reinforcement and shear reinforcement material were considered as variables. Test results showed that the shear strength increased as the transverse and longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement became narrow. Also, regardless of material type of shear reinforcement, the shear capacity was similar when the amount of shear reinforcement was the same.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2016

In this paper, shear performance of concrete wide beams was evaluated through shear failure tests. The specimens were designed to have two continuous spans with a column at the center of the wide beam. Also the specimens were reinforced with plates with openings as shear reinforcements. For the test, total eight specimens, including five specimens were reinforced with steel plates and the other three specimens were reinforced with GFRP plates were manufactured. And the shear strengths obtained from the tests were compared with ones from the equation provided by ACI 318. Support width of wide beam, support section of wide beam and shear reinforcement material were considered as variables. The results showed that the support width was proportional to the increase of shear strength. Also, regardless of material type of shear reinforcement, the shear reinforcing effect was similar when the amount of shear reinforcement was the same.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.75 no.2
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• pp.211-227
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• 2020

The contribution of infill wall is generally not considered in the structural analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to the lack of knowledge of the complex behavior of the infilled frame of RC structures. However, one of the significant factors affecting structural behavior and earthquake performance of RC structures is the infill wall. Considering structural and architectural features of RC structures, any infill wall may have openings with different amounts and aspect ratios. In the present study, the influence of infill walls with different opening rates on the structural behaviors and earthquake performance of existing RC structures were evaluated. Therefore, the change in the opening ratio in the infill wall has been investigated for monitoring the change in structural behavior and performance of the RC structures. The earthquake performance levels of existing RC structures with different structural properties were determined by detecting the damage levels of load-carrying components. The results of the analyzes indicate that the infill wall can completely change the distribution of column and beam damage level. It was observed that the openings in the walls had serious impact on the parameters affecting the behavior and earthquake performance of the RC structures. The infill walls have a beneficial effect on the earthquake performance of RC structures, provided they are placed regularly and there are appropriate openings rate throughout the RC structures and they do not cause structural irregularities.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.5
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• pp.487-498
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• 2023

Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are extensively adopted in many of the growing nations, particularly in India. Window or door openings are required for architectural or functional reasons, which pose a threat to the building's safety. The past earthquakes have shown that the seismic capability of these structures was very weak. Strengthening these unreinforced masonry walls using welded wire mesh (WWM) is one of the most commonly and economical methods. The present experimental study investigates the impact of openings on the shear behaviour of URM walls and the effectiveness of WWM in enhancing the shear performance of masonry wall. In the experimental program 16 specimens were cast, 8 unstrengthen and 8 strengthened specimens, under 8 unstrengthen and strengthened specimens, every 2 specimens had 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% openings and all these walls were tested under diagonal compression. The results show that the shear carrying capacity reduces as the opening percentage increases. However, strengthening the URM specimens using WWM significantly improves the peak load, shear strength, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation. Furthermore, the strengthening of the URM walls using WWM compensated the loss of wall capacity caused by the presence of the openings.