• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.633-645
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• 2015

This study investigates the genotoxicity of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum AF1 (L.plantarum AF1) and Lactobacillus plantarum HD1 (L. plantarum HD1) isolated from kimchi. The genetic toxicity of crude antifungal compounds was evaluated in bacterial reverse mutation in Salmonella and Escherichia spp., chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells, and micronucleous formations in mice. In bacterial reversion assays with Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and WP2uvrA, crude antifungal compounds did not increase the number of revertant colonies in both the absence and presence of the 59 metabolic activation system. In the chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster lung cells, crude antifungal compounds showed no increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the short-period test with/without the S9 mix or in the continuos test. In the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, crude antifungal compounds showed no increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei. The results show that crude antifungal compounds produced by L. plantarum AF1 and L. plantarum HD1 did not induce any genotoxicity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 1995

To search and develop the compounds exhibiting antifungal activities against the mycelial phase of Candida albicans, approximately 2,900 microorganisms isolated from soil were examined for antifungal activity. Among them, a strain with preferential activity against the mycelial phase of Candida albicans was isolated and identified as Streptomyces sp. A393. Isolation and purification of compounds A393 showing antifungal activity against the mycelial phase of C. albicans were performed using XAD-7 column chromatography, silica gel chromatography, preparative thin- layer silica gel chromatography, and HPLC. The molecular weights of compounds isolated from Streptomyces sp. A393 were determined as 774, 790, 804 and 820. These compounds appeared to have a structure of macrolide antibiotics, oligomycin A, B, C and E. Especially, oligomycin E, which is formerly reported to have no antifungal activity, showed antifungal activity against the mycelial phase of Candida albicans.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.511-522
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• 2015

This study investigates the acute and repeated-dose oral toxicity of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum AF1 (Lb. plantarum AF1) and Lactobacillus plantarum HD1 (Lb. plantarum HD1) in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, crude antifungal compounds (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) did not reduce mortality or produce significant changes in general behaviors or the gross appearance of external and internal organs. In the repeated-dose toxicity study, crude antifungal compounds were administered orally to rats at doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg daily for 28 days. There were no test-article-related deaths, abnormal clinical signs, or body weight changes. In addition, there were no significant differences between groups treated with crude antifungal compounds and the control group in their organ weight, hematological and serum biochemical parameters, or any other factors. These results suggest that the acute or repeated-dose oral administration of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lb. plantarum AF1 plus Lb. plantarum HD1 is not toxic in male and female rats.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

This study was carried out to perform genotoxicological safety evaluation of crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilis SN7 (B. subtilis SN7) isolated from meju. Bacterial reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 or Escherichia coli WP2uvrA in the presence and absence of the S9 metabolic activation system was carried out, and the crude antifungal compounds produced by B. subtilis SN7 showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies. In the chromosomal aberration tests using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, sample treatment groups showed no increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, in the micronucleus formation test, the crude antifungal compounds showed no significance increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei. These results suggest that the crude antifungal compounds produced by B. subtilis SN7 isolated from meju showed no harmful genotoxic effects.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum HD1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, the crude antifungal compounds (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g/kg) did not produce mortality, significant changes in general behavior, or changes in the gross appearance of the organs. In the subacute toxicity study, the crude antifungal compounds were administered orally to rats at doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg daily for 28 days. There were no test article-related deaths, abnormal clinical signs, or body weight changes. The study also showed no significant differences between the control and treated groups in hematological and serum biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, or any other findings. These results suggest that acute or subacute oral administration of crude antifungal compounds from L. plantarum HD1 is not toxic in rats.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-69
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• 2008

A simple, efficient and cost effective method is described for the synthesis of Biginelli type heterocyclic compounds of dihydropyrimidinones analogous. They were prepared from a reaction mixture consisting of substituted benzaldehydes, thiourea and ethylacetoacetate using ammonium dihydrogenphosphate as catalyst. The procedure for the preparation of the compounds is environmentally benign and safe which is advantageous in terms of experimentation, catalyst reusability, yields of the products, shorter reaction times and preclusion of toxic solvents. The four new synthesised compounds were tested for their antifungal activity. They have good antifungal activity comparing to the standard (Fluconazole).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.305-308
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• 2012

In this study, we evaluated antifungal and antioxidant activities of condensed liquid of volatile organic compounds generated during the drying process of Chamaecyparis obtuse. Condensed liquid of volatile organic compounds were extracted with hexane and ethyl acetate, respectively. The extracts were used for antifungal activity at range from 100 to 500 mg/L Antifungal activity of extracts increased as the extracts concentration increased, the activity against tested dermatophytes was high at 500 mg/L. Among extract solvents, antifungal activity was higher at hexane extract than the ethyl acetate. Especially, the antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum was higher than other tested dermatophytes. Antioxidant activity was 90% above 25 mg/L regardless of the extractive solvents, while the hexane extract showed high antioxidant activity below 25 mg/L. Major compounds of hexane extract were torreyol, alpha-cadinol, and tau-cadinol. However, major compounds of ethyl acetate extract were alpha-amorphene, alpha-cadinol, and gamma-cadinene.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.440-444
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• 1998

A series of 6-(N-arylamino)-7-methylthio-5,8-quinolinedione derivatives 4a-4l was newly synthesized for the evaluation of antifungal activity. 6-(N-Arylamino)-7-methylthio-5,8-quinolinediones were prepared by regioselective nucleophilic substitution of 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinediones with arylamines in the presence of $Ce^{3+}$, and $Na_2$S/dimethylsulfate. The MIC values of 4a-4l were determined for antifungal susceptibility in vitro against Candida species by agar streak method. The derivatives 4a-4l had generally potent antifungal activities against all human pathogenic fungi. Especially they had the most potent activity against C. krusei at 12.5-0.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Compounds 4d, 4g, 4h, 4j and 4k had more potent antifungal activities than fluconazole. Compounds 4g and 4h completely inhibited the fungal growth at 0.8-6.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against all Candida species, while fluconazole inhibited the growth at 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The compounds such as 4g and 4h containing an N-(4-bromo-2-methylphenyl)- or N-(4-bromo-3methylphenyl)amino substituent exhibited the most potent antifungal activities.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.437-449
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• 2016

To provide information on the safety of crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 isolated from Meju, we carried out an acute (single) oral dose toxicity test and 4 week repeated oral dose determination test on crude antifungal compounds in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were treated with crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 orally at increasing dose levels (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) and observed for 2 weeks. In the repeated-dose 28-day oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. There were no test article-related deaths or abnormal clinical signs in the two studies. In the 4 week repeated oral dose determination test, there were also no significant differences in clinical signs, body and organ weight changes, or any other hematological and biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups. The results suggest that the crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 up to a dosage level of 2,000 mg/kg are not toxic in male and female rats.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.142-153
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• 2021

Candida albicans is a dermal fungus of the human body that is known to cause oral candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, and bloodstream infections in immunocompromised people or in certain environmental conditions. As cases of strains resistant to antifungal agents in C. albicans have been reported, studies using plant materials as safe antifungal agents are being actively conducted. In this study, a total of 17 edible plant extracts showed antifungal activity against C. albicans as a result of evaluating a 280-plant extract library using paper disk diffusion method. Among them, the four extracts with the strongest antifungal activity (Cinnamomi Cortex, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Magnoliae Cortex, and Syzygii Flos) were selected and evaluated for synergistic antifungal activity against C. albicans. The combination of Magnoliae Cortex and Syzygii Flos showed a synergistic activity. The antifungal activity was evaluated based on the concentrations of magnolol and eugenol, the respective components of Magnoliae Cortex and Syzygii Flos. Magnolol and eugenol showed synergistic antifungal activities at the concentration ratio of 1:25 - 1:61. The antifungal activity of these two compounds contributes 28 to 48% to the synergistic antifungal activity of the combination of Magnoliae Cortex and Syzygii Flos extract. In this study, we propose that a combination of Magnoliae Cortex and Syzygii Flos can effectively inhibit the growth of C. albicans and that magnolol and eugenol are the responsible inhibitory compounds.