• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1985

Each parching Anemarrhenae Rhizoma with 25% ethanol and normal saline has been used for anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antipyretic, sedative and diuretic, and so on. In order to investigate the differences of referential efficacy about each fractionated part of the aqueous extracts, pharmacological studies were carried out. The results of studies were summerized as follows : 1. By the administration of 25% ethanol treated preparation (F-I-1), the increase in urinary volume and $Na^+$ extraction was significantly recognized. 2. The excretion of electrolyte $Na^+$ by saline solution treated preparation (F-II-1) was significantly recognised in normal rats. 3. The increase of urinary volume and urinary $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ excretion by F-I-1 and n-butanol insoluble parts of F-I-1 (F-I-3) was significantly recognized in $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure of rats. 4. The increase of plasma $Na^+$ by F-I-1 and urea nitrogen by F-I-1 and F-I-3 in acute renal failure of rats was significantly recognized. 5. The increase of urinary volume by F-I-1 and F-I-3 was recognised in mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.930-936
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• 2004

Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), an active component originated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflamma-tory properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of wogonin in a focal cerebral ischemia rat model. Wogonin markedly reduced the infarct volume after 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 22 h reperfusion. Wogonin decreased the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in lipopolisaccharide-stimu-lated microglial cells. While wogonin reduced the activity of NF-$textsc{k}$B, it did not change the activ-ity of mitogen-activated protein kinases family members, p38, ERK and JNK. The lipopolisaccharide-stimulated production of NO and cytokines was significantly blocked by vari-ous kinds of NF-$textsc{k}$B inhibitors such as N-acetyl cysteine, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and MG-132. The data may indicate that wogonin has neuroprotective effect by preventing the over-activation of microglial cells, possibly by inactivating NF-$textsc{k}$B signaling pathway

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

Cordyceps militaris has shown to have various pharmacological activities including an immune-modulatory effect. Previously, we reported that anti-influenza effect of C. militaris in DBA/2 mice was mediated by increased IL-12 and the activation of NK cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of C. militaris on adaptive immune responses using DBA2 mice immunized with influenza vaccine. To determine the effect of C. militaris on antigen presentation capability, we treated RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations of ethanol extract of C. militaris, which showed a significant upregulation of CD86 (B7.2), CD284 (TLR4), CD40, H-2k (MHC I) and I-Ad (MHC II). To examine the direct effect of C. militaris on adaptive immune responses, we immunized DBA2 mice with influenza vaccine in presence or absence of C. militaris. After 2 or 4 weeks, influenza-specific T cell proliferation, HAI titers and IFN-${\gamma}$ production were measured in plasma or PBMCs isolated from animals. Influenza-specific T cell proliferation and HAI titers were not considerably increased in immunized mice in presence of C. militaris. However, the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ was much greater in immunized mice with C. militaris as adjuvant than only immunized mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.241-249
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• 2009

Various neurotransmitters are involved in regulating stress systems. In this study, we investigated the combination relieving effect of green tea extract(GTE) and L-theanine on the stress induced by electric foot shock. Four week oral administration of GTE (24 mg/kg), L-theanine (4 mg/kg) or their combination reduced the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and corticosterone in blood, brain cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, wherease increased serotonin level. The combination of GTE and L-theanine showed much greater effects than single treatment of each component, and the effects are comparable to diazepam (2 mg/kg). Therefore, this study suggests that the combination of GTE and L-theanine may act effective and be useful for stress relieving treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2011

Objective : Propolis (PP) has been used in oriental medicine. PP has various biological activities. However, its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities have not been well studied. In this study, I investigated these activities of PP by using ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice. Methods : To examine the effect of PP on allergic asthma, mice were sensitized with $100{\mu}g$ of OVA and 1mg of aluminum potasssium sulfate (Alum; Sigma) intraperitoneally on day 0 and 7. On day 14, mice were challenged on consecutive 3 days with 5% OVA and AHR was assessed 24 hours after the last challenge. To examine severity of AHR, I examined the population of eosinophiles and T cells in spleen and lung and cytokine production in T cells. Futhermore, I examined histological changes during the OVA-induced allergic asthma. Results and Conclusion : PP reduced the population of eosinophil and CD4+ T cells on the OVA-induced AHR mice model. PP also inhibited IL-4 production but increased INF-g production in T cells. These results suggest that PP may be beneficial material for allergic asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.490-496
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• 2000

We have conducted a retrospective study of 224 patients with the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial infection who had been treated between 1988 and 1999 at Gyeong-Sang National University Hospital. This study was aimed to furnish the data of oral and maxillofacial infection and to aid diagnosis and treatment. The most common fascial space involved, as determined by clinical, radiologic, and operative findings, were the submandibular space(39.4%). The most frequent cause of oral and maxillofacial infection was odontogenic 68.8%. In the odontogenic cause, dental caries was the most common cause. Two-hundred three patients required surgical drainage of the abscess. Seventeen patients needed tracheostomy for airway control. The overall mortality was 0.9% despite aggressive anti-microbial therapy and early surgical intervention. All other patients had an uneventful recovery without major complication except osteomyelitis case(6.0%). The combination of early radiologic diagnosis, effective antimicrobial therapy, and intensive surgical management contributed to the good prognosis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 2009

Diabetic neuropathy is characterized by the decrease of cell viability in neuron, which is induced by the hyperglycemia. HT22 cell is the neuron cell line originated from hippocampus. Ginsenosides have been reported to retain anti-diabetic effect. However, the preventive effect of ginsenosides in the condition of diabetic neuropathy was not elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the protective effect of ginsenoside total saponin (GTS), panoxadiol (PD), and panoxatriol (PT) in the high glucose-induced cell death of HT22 cells, an in vitro cellular model for diabetic neuropathy. In present study, high glucose increased lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity, the lipid peroxide(LPO) formation and induced the decrease of cell viability. These effects were completely prevented by the treatment of GTS, but partially prevented by the treatment of PD and PT. High glucose also increased the expression of Bax and cleaved form of caspase-3 but decreased that of Bcl-2. These effects of high glucose on Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved form of caspase-3 were completely prevented by the treatment of GTS, but partially prevented by the treatment of PD and PT in HT22 cells. In conclusion, ginsenosides prevented high glucose-induced cell death of hippocampal neuron through the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT 22 cells.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2006

In the present studγ, we investigated the component analγsis, measurements of antioxidant activities and anti-microbial activities from fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS in order to detect the biological activities and develop novel functional resources. Different solvents extraction ratios were different according to different solvent extraction of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS. Composition analysis we highly composed as 72.33%. The minerals of different organs were highly composed of potasium as 5951.3 mg/100g. The monosaccharldes are composed of the arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose. Antioxidamt activity was measured in water extracts: $57.3\;{mu}/ml$, ethanol extracts $630.1\;{\mu}g/ml$, methanol extracts: $248.5\;{\mu}g/ml$, 71% ethanol extracts: $198.97\;{\mu}g/ml$, 75% methanol exracts: $96.77\;{\mu}g/ml$, chloroform extracts. $1194.83\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $IC_{50}$ value. The antimicrobial activities were observed in extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS against am negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 1985

The extract of Mawhang-tang showed considerable inhibition of 70.7 and 57.2% at oral doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively, on carrageenin edema in rat paw. In case of combined oral administration of the extract at each dose of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, the inhibition percentages were 78.2, 87.2 and 72.5%, respectively. The combined oral administration of 200mg/kg of the extract with 200mg/kg of aspirin exhibited 87.6% inhibition of the edema. On the writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid solution, the oral administration of 200mg/kg of the extract with 200mg/kg of aspirin showed remarkable inhibition of 90.3%. In the inhibitory effect of the leakage of dye into peritoneal cavity were shown to be 51.9, 56.6 and 58.1% at the combined administration of the extract at the doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, respectively.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.656-661
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• 2002

Amidarone is one of the most commonly prescribed anti-arrythmic agents for almost all arrythmias, whether atrial or ventricular in origin. There are several side effects associated with amiodarone therapy. These include corneal deposits, abnormal liver function tests, hyper and hypothyroidism, bluish discolorations of the skin, bone marrow suppression, coagulopathies, peripheral neuropathies, and pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity(APT), which was first described in 1980, is potentially serious side effects that are believed to develop in 5% of patients. Doctors often assume that APT occurs only when high amiodarone doses are used for a long time, but in practice a low maintenance dose of amiodarone may also be toxic. In this report, a case of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity after a long course of a low dose therapy for refractory supraventricular arrythmia is described.