• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제39권7호
• /
• pp.999-1004
• /
• 2010

인삼정과 제조 시 물성학적 품질을 향상하는데 기초자료를 얻고자 sucrose, glucose, honey 및 fructose 등 4종의 당을 각각 첨가하여 제조한 인삼정과에 대하여 진세노사이드 함량, 물성 및 색도를 기계적인 측정치와 관능요원들의 평가치에 의하여 특성을 조사하였다. 조성 진세노사이드 중에서 Rf가 당 종류종별에 따라 각기 함량에 큰 차이를 보여 sucrose로 제조한 인삼정과에서 가장 함량이 높았으며 glucose>honey>fructose의 순으로 높은 결과를 보여주었고 검출된 7종의 진세노사이드의 총 함량은 sucrose로 제조한 인삼정과가 10.0 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며 glucose>honey>fructose의 순으로 높아 fructose로 제조한 인삼정과가 가장 낮은 함량을 보여주었다. Hardness와 adhesiveness가 가장 높은 것은 fructose를 이용하여 제조한 정과이었고 stiffness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness 및 springiness는 honey를 이용하여 제조한 정과이었으며 fracture force는 당 종류에 따라 차이가 크게 나지 않았다. 당 종류별 정과제품의 편차는 honey가 가장 높게 나타나 제품의 균일성이 떨어지는 현상을 보였다. 정과의 색도 중 밝기, 적색도 및 황색도 모두 sucrose에서 가장 높았으며 적색도가 가장 낮은 것은 glucose, 황색도는 fructose에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 정과제조 시 당의 종류 중 fructose 함량이 높을수록 갈색화가 크게 일어남을 볼 수 있었다. 관능평가에서는 honey를 이용한 인삼정과가 조직도와 전체적인 기호도면에서 가장 좋았으며 fructose를 이용한 정과는 조직도면에서 기호도가 가장 낮았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.138-146
• /
• 2022

Background: Red Ginseng has been used for many years to treat diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3 has documented therapeutic effects, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the anticancer effect of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. We investigated whether Rg3-RGE plays an anti-tumor role in lung cancer cells. Methods: To examine the effect of Rg3-RGE on lung cancer cells, we performed cell viability assays, flow cytometry, western blotting analysis, and immunofluorescence to monitor specific markers. Results: Rg3-RGE significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE also increased expression of mitophagy-related proteins such as PINK1 and Parkin. In addition, treatment with Rg3-RGE and mitophagy inhibitors stimulated cell death by inducing mitochondria dysfunction. Conclusions: Rg3-RGE could be used as a therapeutic agent against lung cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.160-167
• /
• 2010

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권11호
• /
• pp.1789-1791
• /
• 2008

This study was aimed (i) to develop an effective method for the purification of ginsenosides for industrial use and (ii) to compare the distribution of ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots (adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng) with those of red ginseng (steamed ginseng) and white ginseng (air-dried ginseng). The crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng were obtained by using a 75% ethanol extraction combined with ultrasonication. This was followed sequentially by AB-8 macroporous adsorption chromatography, Amberlite IRA 900 Cl anion-exchange chromatography, and Amberlite XAD16 adsorption chromatography for further purification. The contents of total ginsenosides were increased from 4.1%, 12.1%, and 11.3% in the crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng to 79.4%, 71.7%, and 72.5% in the final products, respectively. HPLC analysis demonstrated that ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots were distributed in a different ratio compared with red ginseng and white ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.545-555
• /
• 2002

Ginsenosides of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol classification including the aglycones, PD, PI and ginsenosides Rh2, Rhl were shown to posses characteristic effects on proliferation of THP-l human leukaemia cells. A similar result was not apparent for ginsenoside Rg3 or dexamathasone. The concentration to inhibit $50\%$ of cells $(LC_{50})$ for PD, Rh2, PI and Rhl were 13 ${\mu}g/mL,\;15{\mu}g/mL,\;19{\mu}g/mL\;and\;210\;{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. Cell cycle analysis showed apoptosis with PD and PI treatment of THP-1 cells resulting in a build up of sub-G1 cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment. Rh2, and dexamathasone treatments also increased apoptotic cells after 24 hours, where as Rhl did not. After 48 and 72 hours Rh2, Rhl and dexamathasone similarly increased apoptosis, but these effects were significantly (P<0.05) lower than observed for both PD and PI treatments. Furthermore, treatments that produced the largest build up of apoptotic cells were also found to have the largest release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). It can be concluded from these studies that the presence of sugars to PD and PI aglycone structure reduces the potency to induce apoptosis, and alternately alter membrane integrity. These cytotoxic effects to THP-l cells were different from dexamethasone.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.299-306
• /
• 2019

Ginseng berry(GB)는 진세노사이드Re를 함유하고 있으며, 항염, 피부 주름 완화의 기능을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ginseng berry 아미노산 복합체의 TLC 분획 fraction 1, 2, 4를 확인하고 HPLC로 분석하였으며, fraction 1의 LC/MASS 분석을 통해 peptide (AP-1)를 동정하였다. AP-1에 의한 NO 생성 억제 효과를 조사하여 항염증 활성을 확인하였다. 또한 procollagen type I C-peptide (PIP) ELISA kit를 이용한 collagen 합성은 대조군 대비 50% 이상의 효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 진생베리 아미노산 복합체로부터 분리한 펩타이드는 항염과 주름개선 효능을 가진다고 사료되며, 향후 항염 및 항노화 화장품 원료로서의 이용 가능성을 보였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2014

Ginsenosides of roots in Panax ginseng were analyzed by metabolic-targeting HPLC using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and compared depending on sowing methods between direct seeding and transplanting method. Score plots derived from PLS-DA could identify the sowing method between the direct seeding and transplanting method in P. ginseng roots. The ginsenoside compounds were assigned as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd. Contents of Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb3, and Rd of main roots produced from the transplanting method were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Also, contents of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd of lateral roots from the transplanted samples were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Therefore, HPLC with PLS-DA analysis can be a straightforward tool for identification of ginsenosides in main or lateral roots of P. ginseng obtained from two different seeding methods between direct and transplanting methods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.609-619
• /
• 2022

Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agoutirelated protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.591-599
• /
• 2009

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in nervous system functions and are involved in a variety of diseases. We previously demonstrated that ginsenosides, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, inhibit subsets of nAChR channel currents, but not ${\alpha}7$, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mutation of the highly conserved Leu247 to Thr247 in the transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) channel pore region of ${\alpha}7$ nAChR induces alterations in channel gating properties and converts ${\alpha}7$ nAChR antagonists into agonists. In the present study, we assessed how point mutations in the Leu247 residue leading to various amino acids affect 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ ($Rg_3$) activity against the ${\alpha}7$ nAChR. Mutation of L247 to L247A, L247D, L247E, L247I, L247S, and L247T, but not L247K, rendered mutant receptors sensitive to $Rg_3$. We further characterized $Rg_3$ regulation of L247T receptors. We found that $Rg_3$ inhibition of mutant ${\alpha}7$ nAChR channel currents was reversible and concentration-dependent. $Rg_3$ inhibition was strongly voltage-dependent and noncompetitive manner. These results indicate that the interaction between $Rg_3$ and mutant receptors might differ from its interaction with the wild-type receptor. To identify differences in $Rg_3$ interactions between wild-type and L247T receptors, we utilized docked modeling. This modeling revealed that $Rg_3$ forms hydrogen bonds with amino acids, such as Ser240 of subunit I and Thr244 of subunit II and V at the channel pore, whereas $Rg_3$ localizes at the interface of the two wild-type receptor subunits. These results indicate that mutation of Leu247 to Thr247 induces conformational changes in the wild-type receptor and provides a binding pocket for $Rg_3$ at the channel pore.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.98-107
• /
• 2006

자화전이영상 (MTI)은 무릎의 연골조직, 활액, 연대 등에 있는 거대분자에 붙어 분자운동에 제한을 받은 수소와 비교적 자유로운 물 분자의 수소가 두 가지 자화 상태로 서로 교환되고 있는 상태에서 한쪽 자화상태를 RF 펄스를 사용하여 포화시키면 다른 자화 상태가 교환 상황에 따라 그 신호강도가 달라지면서 영상의 대조도를 이룬다. 교차이완은 수소의 T2 이완시간이 다르면서 생기는 두 스핀 풀로 모델화하여 물 분자와 거대분자 사이의 쌍극자들의 상호교환 뿐만 아니라 물분자와 거대분자의 수소 화학교환으로 설명된다. 이에 의학영상에서 가장 필수적 요소인 신호강도와 대조도를 조절하는 능력으로서 양성자 밀도와 T2 강조 무릎영상을 획득하여 비정상적 조직과 그 변화 위에 시퀀스와 더불어 무릎 조인트의 중간신호들에 의해 무릎 연골주위의 다른 조직과의 신호강도 차이를 더욱 높이기도 한다. 또한 지방억제 기술은 조직 대조도를 증대시키고 화학전이 인공물을 제거할 뿐 아니라 움직임과 관련한 고스트 인공물을 감소시킨다. 이와 같은 지방 포화억제는 위상감각 방법 (Phase Sensitive Method)에서 물과 지방의 세차운동 주파수에 차이를 나타낸다. 본 연구에서 위상감각 방법은 Larmor 주파수 차이를 직접 사용하기 보다는 그 주파수 차이결과를 축적하여 생기는 위상 차이를 보고자 하였다. 자화전이영상이 어떻게 작동하는가는 무릎조직의 자화전이(MT)에 대한 정량적 모델로 유도되는 임상적 증거에서 주어지지만 그 자화전이 효과를 설명하는 수학적 공식화는 전방 십자형 인대 (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)파열과 관절간연골 파열과 같은 무릎관절질환을 평가하는 데 적용하였고, 자화전이 포화 효과의 계산은 MT 펄스에 의한 신호강도에 상대적 감소를 정량적으로 측정하는 자화전이률에 의해 주어졌다.糖) 및 이성화당(異性化糖)의 개발생산(開發生産)이 시급(時急)하며 이런 감미원(甘味源) 생산공장(生産工場)의 대규모화(大規模化)로 경제적(經濟的) 양산(量産)을 서둘러야 될 줄 생각(生覺)한다. 우선적(優先的)으로 소요(所要)의 효소생산(酵素生産)에 대(對)한 개발연구(開發硏究)가 앞서야 하며, 이어서 전분(澱粉)으로부터 이성화당(異性化糖)에 이르기까지 단계적(段階的) 효소처리공정(酵素處理工程)의 확립(確立)과 새로운 공정(工程)의 개발연구(開發硏究)가 이루어져야 하겠다. 나아가서 보다 더 경제적(經濟的) 감미료(甘味料)의 생산(生産)과 생산공정(生産工程)의 능율화(能率化)를 위(爲)하여 전분당화(澱粉糖化) 및 이성화(異性化) 공정(工程)의 연속화(連續化)가 필연적(必然的)이며, 이에 소요(所要) 및 불용성(不溶性) 효소(酵素)의 생산공정(生産工程)도 연구(硏究)되어야 한다.>$16.8{\sim}30.1$ kcal/mole의 범위 안에 있으며 ginsenoside-Re 및 $-Rg_1$이 $ginsenoside-Rb_1,\;-Rb_2$, -Rc 및 -Rd 보다 훨씬 높으므로 troil saponin이 diol saponin보다 온도(溫度)의 영향(影響)을 더 많이 받고 있었다. 마. total ginsenosides의 분해반응시(分解反應時)의 활성화(活性化)에너지($E_a$)는 17.7kcal/mole이었고 분해속도상수(分解速度常數)의 온도의존성(溫度依存性)은 $k=4.574{\times}10^8{\exp}(-8898.8/T)$의 관계식(關係式)으로 표시(表示)할 수 있다rc}C,\;30^{\circ}C,\;45^{\circ}C$ 별로 각 fine spirit에 oak chip을 넣고 숙성시킨