[KSCI] Korea Science Citation Index Service

http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160

Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Saponins with a Focus on American Ginseng

Yuan, Chun-Su (Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine)
Wang, Chong-Zhi (Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine)
Wicks, Sheila M. (Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine)
Qi, Lian-Wen (Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine)

Publication Information

Journal of Ginseng Research / v.34, no.3, 2010 , pp. 160-167 More about this Journal

Abstract

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.

Keywords

Asian ginseng; Panax ginseng; American ginseng; Panax quinquefolius L.; Saponins; Ginsenoside; Pharmacology;

Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By KSCI : 2 (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 12 (Related Records In Web of Science)

Reference
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3	(2010) Journal of ginseng research Korean Red Ginseng Saponin Fraction Downregulates Proinflammatory Mediators in LPS Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Protects Mice against Endotoxic Shock / 36 (3) , 263
3	(2010) Journal of ginseng research UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Analysis for Steaming Times-dependent Profiling of Steamed Panax quinquefolius and Its Ginsenosides Transformations Induced by Repetitious Steaming / 36 (3) , 277
3	(2010) Journal of ginseng research Enzymatic Transformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 by Lactobacillus pentosus Strain 6105 from Kimchi / 36 (3) , 291
4	(2010) Journal of ginseng research Effects of Panax ginseng in Neurodegenerative Diseases / 36 (4) , 342
11	(2013) Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology Co-administration of aqueous ginseng extract with tobramycin stimulates the pro-inflammatory response and promotes the killing of <I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> in the lungs of infected rats / 91 (11) , 935
None	(2010) Bmc complementary and alternative medicine Healing effects of <I>Musa sapientum</I> var. <I>paradisiaca</I> in diabetic rats with co-occurring gastric ulcer: cytokines and growth factor by PCR amplification / 13 (None) , 305
2	(2010) Journal of ginseng research Actoprotective effect of ginseng: improving mental and physical performance / 37 (2) , 144
2	(2010) Journal of ginseng research Inhibitory effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng via vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-Ser<SUP>157</SUP> phosphorylation on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation / 37 (2) , 176
1	(2010) Biological research Phytochemical and toxicological investigations of crude methanolic extracts, subsequent fractions and crude saponins of <I>Isodon rugosus</I> / 47 (1) , 57
8	Xue Jiang. (2010) Analytical letters Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry-Based Metabolic Characterization of Panax Notoginseng Roots / 48 (8) , 1341
13	(2015) Natural product research Solvent-based extraction optimisation for efficient ultrasonication-assisted ginsenoside recovery from <I>Panax quinquefolius</I> and <I>P. sikkimensis</I> cell suspension lines / 29 (13) , 1256
6	(2010) Oncology letters Effects of compound K, an enteric microbiome metabolite of ginseng, in the treatment of inflammation associated colon cancer / 15 (6) , 8339
1	(2010) Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Esterification of Ginsenoside Rh2 Enhanced Its Cellular Uptake and Antitumor Activity in Human HepG2 Cells / 64 (1) , 253
None	(2010) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Spectral Analysis of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Based on Delayed Luminescence / 2016 (None) , 8469024
3	Sang-Yong Park. (2016) Journal of ginseng research A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of "enzyme-treated red ginseng powder complex (BG11001)" for antiwrinkle and proelasticity in i / 40 (3) , 260
4	(2018) Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin A Review of Herbal Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis / 8 (4) , 575
None	(2010) Scientific reports Effects of maize rotation on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of American ginseng cultivated soil / 9 (None) , 8615
20	(2010) Molecules 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Saponins Mainly Contribute to the Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Panax notoginseng in ApoE Deficient Mice / 24 (20) , 3723
11	(2019) Antioxidants Enhancement of Minor Ginsenosides Contents and Antioxidant Capacity of American and Canadian Ginsengs ( <I>Panax quinquefolius</I> ) by Puffing / 8 (11) , 527
11	(2019) Plant disease First Report of <I>Ilyonectria vredehoekensis</I> Causing Rusty Root on American Ginseng in China / 103 (11) , 2944
6	(2010) Phytotherapy research : PTR Antimicrobial activities of Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and notoginseng / 34 (6) , 1226
None	(2010) Complementary therapies in medicine Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 52 (None) , 102457
1	(2010) Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology Protective effect of panaxydol against repeated administration of aristolochic acid on renal function and lipid peroxidation products via activating Keap1‐Nrf2/ARE pathway in rat kidney / 35 (1) , e22619
1	(2010) Molecular and cellular biochemistry Chemical components of ginseng, their biotransformation products and their potential as treatment of hypertension / 476 (1) , 333
2	(2010) Plant disease First Report of Root and Crown Rot of American Ginseng Caused by <I>Pythium spinosum</I> in China / 105 (2) , 513
4	(2010) Plant disease First Report of Root Rot Caused by <I>Fusarium armeniacum</I> on American Ginseng in China / 105 (4) , 1223
23	(2021) Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Comprehensive Lipidome and Metabolome Profiling Investigations of <I>Panax quinquefolius</I> and Application in Different Growing Regions Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry / 69 (23) , 6710
8	(2021) Life Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Leaf, Bark and Fruit Extracts from Ilex dipyrena Wall. / 11 (8) , 837
1	(2010) Scientific reports Niche specificity and functional diversity of the bacterial communities associated with Ginkgo biloba and Panax quinquefolius / 11 (1) , 10803
49	(2010) ACS omega Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Malonyl Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (<I>Panax quinquefolius</I> L.) on Type 2 Diabetic Mice / 6 (49) , 33652