• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.589-596
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• 2020

In an effort to find alternate, environment friendly and sustainable building materials, the scope of possible utilization of iron slag (I-sand), generated as a by-product in iron and steel industries, as fine aggregates in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) made with manufactured sand (M-sand) is examined in this manuscript. Systematic investigations of the physical, mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of I-sand in comparison with RCC made with M-sand have been carried out on various mix designs prepared by the partial/full replacement of I-sand in M-sand. The experimental results clearly indicate the possibility of utilizing iron slag for preparing RCC in constructions without compromising on the property of concrete, durability and performance. This provides an alternate possibility for the effective utilization of industrial waste, which is normally disposed by delivering to landfills, in building materials which can reduce the adverse environmental effects caused by indiscriminate sand mining being carried out to meet the growing demands from construction industry and also provide an economically viable alternative by reducing the cost of concrete production.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2007

This paper attempts to measure the environmental value of the Nakdong-river estuary, which is ecologically important but confronted with the threat of development. Especially, in order to elicit the environmental values of its four attributes, contingent valuation method(CVM) based on multi-attribute utility theory is applied and the CVM survey was rigorously designed to comply with the guidelines for best-practiced CVM studies. We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 400 and 350 households in Busan and six large cities(Seoul, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Ulsan), respectively and asked respondents questions in person-to-person interviews about how they would willing to pay for the estuary conservation and management program. Respondents overall accepted the contingent market and were willing to contribute a significant amount(2,457 won in Busan and 3,560 won in six large cities), on average, per household per year, which implies that there exists a large difference between the two. The aggregate values of the Nakdong-river estuary in Busan and six large cities amount to 2.92 and 22.32 billion won, respectively, per year. In addition, expanding the values to Korea produces 51.34 billion won per year. The quantitative values can be utilized in planning and decision-making about development versus conservation of the estuary.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.587-606
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• 2010

Theme trail construction should be changed from existing form which connects line to line, or point to line. It should be developed into area form. The project of Trail construction must be converted in area form. The aggregate of the points which is a base element of walk is a line, and the harmonious connection of various line is the area. The close relationship with points and lines is important to operate the project of trail construction in area form effectively. Subject of the project of Theme trail construction of area form must become the village residents which are being contiguous in trail. They must operate management and about trail. The project of Trail construction of area form the plan making is established and if the subjects which, will operate and manage that place are decided upon according to theme must construct the trail of the wide area concept which connects the trail of that trail and neighborhood. If becomes like that local resident and the citizen will be able to coexist with mediation of Trail. If the project of Trail construction of village resident leading is propelled applying rural amenity resources in a way, the trail model which one phases advances could be presented for ecological, economical and cultural.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1769-1777
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• 2018

This paper proposes a method for optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) considering system configuration and its attributes during the planning phase of PMU deployment. Each bus of the system is assessed on four diverse attributes; namely, redundancy of measurements, rotor angle and frequency monitoring of generator buses, reactive power deficiency, and maximum loading limit under transmission line outage contingency, and a consolidated 'degree of criticality' is determined using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The major contribution of the proposed work is the development of modified objective function which incorporates values of the degree of criticality of buses. The problem is formulated as maximization of the aggregate degree of criticality of the system. The resultant PMU configuration extends complete observability of the system and majority of the PMUs are located on critical buses. As budgetary restrictions on utilities may not allow installation PMUs even at optimal locations in a single phase, multi-horizon deployment of PMUs is also addressed. The proposed approach is tested on IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England (NE) 39-bus, IEEE 57-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems and compared with some existing methods.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.885-890
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• 2007

본 연구는 부산 해안지역에서 친수공간벨트를 계획하기 위해 친수공간벨트 및 이에 관련된 친수공간클러스터의 개념을 제시하고 개별 친수공간들을 워터프런트 그린웨이를 통해 체계적으로 연결시켜 친수공간벨트를 계획하는 방안을 제시하며 부산 해운대구 해안지역을 대상으로 구체적인 적용사례를 제시한다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.91-104
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• 1995

교통 및 기타 공간계획 과정에 있어서 분석을 위한 공간분할은 필수적이다. 공간 분할에 있어서 두 가지의 중요한 변수는 scale과 aggregation이라고 할 수 있는바 이들 2가지의 조합에 따라서 분할된 공간상의 계획결과물은 실로 엄청난 차이를 보일 때도 있다. 본고에서는 이들 공간 zone 분항 및 재구성 체계의 과정 및 결정기법을 살펴 보는데 우선 목적이 있고, 또한 vector형 GIS의 위상관계자료를 이용한 교통 zone체계의 재설정 방법을 제시해 봄으로써 경직된 교통계획상의 zone체계 구성에의 변화를 창출해 보았다. 시범연구로서는 남한을 132개의 세부 zone으로 구분한 뒤 사회경제적 지표에 의한 동질적인 zone체계를 구축하여 교통계획에 응용하였으나 애초에 macro된 세부 zone체계를 사용한 나머지 aggregate된 zone이 concave한 문제점 또한 발견되었다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.621-628
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• 1997

하상 굴착 공사는 골재 채취, 토사준설, 교량 건설 또는 하천을 횡단하여 매설하는 관로 공사 등 여러 가지 경우에 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 하상 굴착 공사 과정에서 발생하는 다량의 부유물질(SS)은 수질을 오염시키며 환경에 악영향을 미치게 된다. 본 논문에서는 현장 여건상 정교한 수치해석모형을 적용할 수 없는 경우에, 2차원 이송-확산 모형을 단순화하여 유도한 Fick 확산 모형에 의하여 부유물질의 농도를 산정하고 오탁 방지 시설 설치에 따른 부유물질 농도의 저감 효과를 평가하는 방법을 검토하였다. 강원도 동해시에 위치한 전천의 송유관로 매설공사를 대상으로, Fick 확산 모형이 하상 굴착으로부터 발생하는 부유물질의 농도 산정과 오탁방지막의 설치에 따른 오염 저감 효과를 사전에 예비적으로 평가하는 실무적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 제시하였다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2010

This study explores the gender differences in the relationship between social support, social networks and drinking behavior and illustrates gender differences in drinking behavior in order to provide evidence in planning a community health promotion program. Data was collected from 444 surveys (Male=190, Female=244) from a total of 1,899 adult residents in 738 households in the "Y" Apartment Complex in the Gangnam area of Seoul, Korea. Results show significantly higher rates of drinking frequency and alcohol consumption volume in males. Women with high-risk drinking behavior have fewer social relationships than women with normal drinking behavior. Within social networks, friends were significantly associated with drinking behavior and alchol abuse. Drinkers had more friends than non-drinkers in both genders. However, in association with alchol abuse, while male abusers had less friends than normal male drinkers, women abusers had more friends, indicating women who have drinking problems have a stronger social network. This pattern suggests gender differences in the association between social networks and alchol abuse. Therefore in approaching drinking issues, social support and social networks act as a key factor. For men, alcohol prevention programs should be aimed at achieving healthy drinking behavior at the aggregate level including people in his social support and social network groups. For women, the priority is alchol abuse. More attention is required in revealing the context between female social networks and alchol abuse and in developing coping strategies other than drinking.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.685-695
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• 2011

Through the analyses of the distribution characteristics and management practices of the wildlife protection areas, this study intends to present basic data for improving the management of protected areas. 1) Based on the aggregate results of the protected areas, the average ratio of the metro-city and provincial areas to the designated protected areas was 1.49%; except for Chungcheongbuk-do (8.83%) and Gyeongsangnam-do (3.43%), most regions showed specified percentages of about 1%, whereby the analysis suggested that the designated protected areas were too small. 2) Considering the fact that most (86.16%) of the wildlife protection areas are in the regions that are of ecological nature level of grade 1, green nature level of grade 8 or better, and of legal conservation regions and districts, it was shown that these reserves are distributed in regions with excellent natural environmental conditions. 3) Designation of protected areas for the protection of wildlife and fish is deemed to be necessary. Although there are 588 wildlife & plant reserves, there are absolutely no designated areas for protecting plant and fish species. 4) Based on the results of an analysis of the current distribution by types, 92.47% of protected areas were concentrated in the mountains, 0.24% in the agricultural lands, and 7.29% distributed in the lakes/rivers/costal areas. 5) As major improvement projects, proposed were: advancement of management systems for protected areas, expanded designation of protected areas, overhaul of managed areas, designation of protected areas for the protection of wild plants and fish, need for management measures for private property and the surrounding areas, need to secure appropriate management personnel and collaboration, locally-adapted management, eco-information-based management, total management of protected areas, etc.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.879-889
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine nutrition management conditions of lunch with the elementary schools and middle schools in the Changwon area. 292 students (5th and 6th graders) from three elementary schools and 330 students from three middle schools (boys, girls, and co-ed) participated in the aggregate selective plate waste measurement for 5 days. Planned menus, serving sizes and plate waste amount data were collected. Nutrient analyses for the planned, served and consumed menus at school lunches were performed by using CAN-PRO 3.0. Nutrient analyses of the planned, served and consumed menus were compared with nutrient management standard (former edition) for school lunch and 1/3 Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs). Significant difference was found in the average consumption rate between the elementary schools (82.2%) and the middle schools (71.8%). Specifically, the consumption rates of steamed rice (p < 0.001), side dish 1 (p < 0.001), and Kimchi (p < 0.01) at the middle schools were significantly lower than those of the elementary schools. When the nutrient contents in the served menus were put into percentages to the nutrient contents in the planned menus, middle schools (92.3%) showed bigger serving loss than the elementary schools (95.4%). In the nutrient assessment comparied with nutrient management standard (former edition), middle school lunches showed comparatively less energy or less some nutrient contents against the standard than the elementary school lunches. Specifically, in case of boys in middle schools, Vitamin C was the only nutrient content that satisfied the standard in the planned menus, served menus and consumed menus. In the 1/3 KDRIs based assessment, middle schoolers were found not to be provided proper nutrients with school lunches. To improve nutrition management at middle school foodservices, dietitians should reinforce nutrient assessment for menu planning, and try to decrease serving loss and plate waste.