• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2006

This study is performed to identify attribution styles of the North Korean Defectors more accurately. For this purpose, cartoon-form method designed to measure attributions is used and total 129 subjects including comparison group of South Koreans are participated in this research. Interestingly, the result showed that two groups had similar and different attribution styles at the same time. That is, there is a common aspect in using internal attributions more in general, but there is also a different aspect in that South Koreans used internal attribution much more. These tendencies emerged similarly at the controllable and uncontrollable attribution dimension. However, the results demonstrated that South Koreans mainly used stable attribution and the North Korean Defectors used unstable attribution at the stable and unstable attribution dimension. And, the attributional styles of both koreans appeared consistently in a variety of scenarios. Finally, there was the stronger relationship between North Korean defectors' life satisfaction and attributional styles.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2014

Previously, we demonstrated that the shift and/or restriction of feeding time during relatively short-term period (4 weeks) could alter the pituitary gonadotropin expression and the weights of seminal vesicle and prostate in rats. We also found that the reverse feeding (RF) schedule (up to 8 weeks) might induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues. In the present study, we extended the RF time regimen up to 12 weeks, and measured the reproductive tissue weights. After 4 and 8 weeks of RF, the weights of epididymis were not significantly different. After 12 weeks, however, epididymis weights of RF animals were significantly different (CON 12W : RF 12W = $48.26{\pm}0.62mg$ : $44.05{\pm}1.57mg$, p<0.05). After 4 and 12 weeks of feeding, seminal vesicle weights of RF animals were significantly decreased (CON 4W : RF 4W = $79.36{\pm}8.34mg$ : $46.28{\pm}2.43mg$, p<0.001; CON 12W : RF 12W = $72.04{\pm}3.76mg$ : $46.71{\pm}2.27mg$, p<0.001, respectively). Prostate weights were not changed by RF. Kidney and spleen weights of RF animals were significantly different on weeks 4 and 12 (Kidney, CON 4W : RF 4W = $249.72{\pm}4.20mg$ : $228.41{\pm}3.03mg$, p<0.001; CON 12W : RF 12W = $309.15{\pm}7.49mg$ : $250.72{\pm}6.13mg$, p<0.001, respectively, Spleen, CON 4W : RF 4W = $111.26{\pm}3.76mg$ : $96.88{\pm}4.69mg$, p<0.05; CON 12W : RF 12W = $123.93{\pm}10.72mg$ : $94.68{\pm}5.65mg$, p<0.05, respectively). Histology analysis of seminal vesicle revealed that the thinner epithelial cell layers, reduced complexities of swollen papilla folding in the exocrine glands on weeks 4 and 12 of RF. There was no histological difference between control and RF group on week 8. The present study indicates that up to 12 weeks RF induced differential changes in tissue weights of male mice. In particular, seminal vesicle, kidney and spleen seemed to temporarily adapted to the RF-induced metabolic stress on week 8 of feeding schedule. These results confirmed the our previous study that the RF might induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues such as epididymis and seminal vesicle as well as non-reproductive tissues such as kidney and spleen. Further studies will be needed to achieve a better understanding of the how does mealtime shift affect the reproductive function and exact nature of adaptation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.160-166
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• 2006

We explored the possibilities of using the freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis as a live food for small fishes cultured in fresh- or brackish waters. Brachionus angularis were collected from a reservoir for isolation and laboratory culture. Length and width of the lorica were $102.3{\mu}m$ and $76.6{\mu}m$, respectively, and those of amictic eggs were $64.4{\mu}m\;and\;47.9{\mu}m$, respectively. When their growth rates were examined at six different temperatures, i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$, the highest daily growth rate of 0.801 was observed at $35^{\circ}C$, and growth was lower with decreasing temperature. Adaptation to salinity change was evaluated with two different modes of salinity increase: step-wise elevation lasting for short durations of 5 to 30 min or a long duration of 24 h. With the short duration modes, no individuals survived salinity higher than 10 psu, and the number of live individuals did not increase throughout the experiment. However, in the 24-h elevation, the number of individuals increased when salinity was elevated by 1 to 2 psu per day for the first 2 or 3 days, while no increase in number occurred at salinity increments higher than 3 psu per day. In addition, to assess the effect of different diets, four single-component diets (Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, or dry yeast) and three combination diets (C. vulgaris + Nannochloris sp. + baker's yeast + dry yeast; C. vulgaris 70% + baker's yeast 30%; C. vulgaris 30% + baker's yeast 70%) were used. The specific growth rates of B. angularis fed combination diets were higher than those of rotifers fed any single-component diet, with the highest rate of 0.648 in B. angularis fed a mixture of C. vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, and dry yeast, and the lowest rate of 0.200 in those fed dry yeast only. Our results indicate that the freshwater rotifer B. angularis can be used for seedling production of both freshwater and brackish-water fishes that require small (less than about $120{\mu}m$) live food during their early stages.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2012

Circadian timing system plays a major role in a wide range of reproductive function. However it is plausible idea that other environmental and/or internal cue might be simultaneously participated in the optimal regulation of reproductive system. In the present study we extended the reverse feeding (RF) time regimen up to 8 weeks, then measured the general and reproductive indices of the animals. The animals of ad libitum feeding group (Control, CON) have free access to food for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The day feeding animals (reverse feeding, RF group) have restricted access to food during daytime (09:00-18:00) for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. When the feeding schedules were over, key indices were measured. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of feeding, body weights of animals were not significantly different. However, body weights of 6 weeks RF animals were significantly smaller than those of control animals (CON : RF = $333.46{\pm}12.71$ g : $289.91{\pm}8.31$ g, p<0.01). The blood glucose levels of 4 weeks RF animals were significantly decreased compared to the levels of control animals (CON : RF = $161.4{\pm}2.7$ mg/dL : $176.7{\pm}5$ mg/dL, p<0.01) while the levels of 6 weeks RF and 8 weeks RF animals were not different form those of control animals. Reproductive and non-reproductive tissue weights from 6 weeks RF group were significantly lowered than those from CON group (testis, CON : RF = $1.4714{\pm}0.0174$ g : $1.3724{\pm}0.0168$ g, p<0.001; epididymis, CON : RF = $0.3574{\pm}0.0059$ g : $0.3243{\pm}0.0068$ g, p<0.001; seminal vesicle, CON : RF = $0.1655{\pm}0.0068$ g : $0.1328{\pm}0.0054$ g, p<0.001; prostate, CON : RF = $0.3350{\pm}0.0231$ g : $0.2528{\pm}0.0143$ g, p<0.01). After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of reverse feeding, sperm counts in RF animals were markedly reduced than those in control animals[CON 4W : RF 4W = $121.17{\pm}9.96\;({\times}10^6)$ : $50.86{\pm}9\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001; CON 8W : RF 8W= $138.69{\pm}9.8\;({\times}10^6)$ : $108.94{\pm}4.22\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001]. Present study indicates that RF may induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues. On-going longitudinal studies will allow a better understanding of the how does mealtime shift affect the reproductive function and exact nature of adaptation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.358-365
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in feed ingredients for use as protein sources in swine feed. A total of six weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 14.4±0.35kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were used in this study and were randomly allotted to a 6×6 Latin square design. Corn germ, corn gluten meal (CM), corn gluten feed (CF), chlorella (CH), and lysine co-product (LC) were used for evaluation, and the experimental periods of each ingredient included 5 days for adaptation and 2 days for collection. CH and LC had significantly higher (p<0.05) AID of lysine (79.1% and 78.7%, respectively). The AID of methionine was not significantly different among all feed ingredients. The AID of threonine of CH was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of other ingredients and was 81.8%. CH, LC, and CM had higher (p<0.05) SID of lysine (80.4%, 79.5%, and 77.0%, respectively). The SID of methionine showed no difference among all treatments. CH showed 81.8% SID of threonine, which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than LC and CF. In conclusion, chlorella and lysine co-product showed the greatest AID and SID of amino acids, which makes them potentially valuable feed ingredients for use as protein sources in swine feed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.369-374
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• 2003

Nonylphenol (NP), an well known aquatic contaminant, has been known to induce abnormalities in various aquatic animals. In an effort to develop proteome in the study of aquatic contamination of NP and its impact on the amphibia, protein changes in liver tissues of Korean red bellied frog, Bombina orientalis was investigated following the NP exposure. NP was administered intraperitoneally to male B. orientalis at 10 mg/kg body weight. At 48 and 96h after the treatment, the frog livers were sampled, and the protein fraction was separated using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D/E) and visualized with Coomassie brilluant blue staining. The 2D/E Images of the tissue from the animals treated with NP showed marked changes of protein spots (about 20% of total protein spots). Analysis of the 50-60 separated spots allowed identification of the major protein changes in the overall pattern for the stressor (NP) by time (0,48 and 96 h). At 48h after treatment, 8 spots were increased and 12 spots were reduced. Then, at 96h after treatment, 10 spots were increased and 8 spots were reduced. In total, approximately 29% of liver proteins showed the altered expression following the NP treatment. It is suggested that protein expression was repressed by blocking of certain metabolisms at 48 hand induced by the synthesis of new proteins for adaptation at 96 h following NP exposure. This application for 2D/E analysis may show promise in searching biomarkers for environmental proteomics in amphibians.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1078-1085
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• 2017

Free radicals have long been considered damaging to various tissues. An excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known to have detrimental effects on the body and to be linked to numerous pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and skeletal muscle atrophy. On the other hand, recent findings suggest that ROS is important for maintenance and development of cellular activity. Cells respond to increased oxidative stress by adaptive changes in the expression of a variety of proteins involved in the maintenance of cellular integrity. ROS is also essential for skeletal muscle function and metabolism. It is well known that physical exercise has many health benefits. Paradoxically, physical exercise also stimulates the production of ROS, which result in oxidative stress. Based on evidence amassed in the past decade, exercise itself may be considered an antioxidant because training increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we discuss the processes underlying the generation of ROS and its role in exercise-induced adaptation based on recent evidence. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of NADPH oxidase in exercise-induced activation of insulin signaling and its effect on longevity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2016

Planting date shift is one of the means of adapting to climate change in Kimchi Cabbage growers in major production areas in Korea. This study suggests a method to estimate the potential yield of Kimchi Cabbage based on daily temperature accumulation during the growth period from planting to maturity which is determined by a plant phenology model tuned to Kimchi Cabbage. The phenology model converts any changes in the thermal condition caused by the planting date shift into the heat unit accumulation during the growth period, which can be calculated from daily temperatures. The physiological maturity is estimated by applying this model to a variable development rate function depending either on growth or heading stage. The cabbage yield prediction model (Ahn et al., 2014) calculates the potential yield of summer cabbage by accumulating daily heat units for the growth period. We combined these two models and applied to the 1km resolution climate scenario (2000-2100) based on RCP8.5 for South Korea. Potential yields in the current normal year (2001-2010) and the future normal year (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) were estimated for each grid cell with the planting dates of July 1, August 1, September 1, and October 1. Based on the results, we divided the whole South Korea into 810 watersheds, and devised a three - dimensional evaluation chart of the time - space - yield that enables the user to easily find the optimal planting date for a given watershed. This method is expected to be useful not only for exploring future new cultivation sites but also for developing cropping systems capable of adaptation to climate change without changing varieties in existing production areas.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine how patients' coping style and social support affect post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in breast cancer patients who are treated with chemotherapy. Methods: The sample consisted of 134 outpatients who received breast cancer treatments at the cancer clinic of a university hospital. The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, ${\chi}^2$-test, Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS for Windows, version 18.0. Results: Among total, 26.9% of patients were classified into a high-risk PTSD group. In the high-risk group, a positive correlation was found between active and passive coping styles and between social support and active coping styles. Conclusion: In this study, the stronger the social support was, the more active the coping style was for high-risk PTSD patients with breast cancer. Considering the fact that cancer requires life-long self-management, strong social support could improve patients' healthcare capability. Furthermore, solid social support could effectively reduce the stress level and improve the quality of life for breast cancer patients in the high-risk PTSD group.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2015

High temperature stress would affect rice production in the future as heat wave is expected to occur frequently under climate change conditions. The objective of this study was to obtain rudimentary information to assess the impact of heat stress on rice yield and its yield component in Korea. Two rice cultivars "Hwaseongbyeo" (Japonica) and "Dasanbyeo" (Tongil-type) were grown at different nitrogen fertilization levels in two seasons. These cultivars were grown in 1/5000a Wagner pot placed within four plastic houses where temperature was controlled at ambient, ambient$+1.5^{\circ}C$, ambient$+3^{\circ}C$ and ambient$+5^{\circ}C$ throughout the rice growing season in Suwon ($37^{\circ}16^{\prime}N$, $128^{\circ}59^{\prime}E$), Korea. The degree of temperature change affected grain yield whereas the level of nitrogen had little impact on grain yield. The number of panicle per pot and spikelet per panicle were not significantly different among temperature treatments in both cultivars tested. In contrast, 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio were decreased significantly under the treatments raising the air temperature to the level of $5.0^{\circ}C$ and $1.5^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature in Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. Reduction of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio under the temperature treatments of $3.0^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature resulted in significantly less grain yield for Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. The greater sensitivity of grain yield to temperature increase in Dasanbyeo was attributable to the sharp decrease of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio with the temperature rise above $23^{\circ}C$ during ripening period. On the other hand, Hwaseongbyeo had little variation of them in the temperature range of $23-27^{\circ}C$. These results suggested that grain yield would decrease under future climate conditions due to grain weight decreased by shorter grain filling period as well as the ripened grain ratio reduced by spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel development. Thus, it would be essential to use cultivars tolerant to heat stress for climate change adaptation, which merits further studies for developing varieties that have traits to avoid spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel, e.g., early morning flowering, under heat wave.