• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.104-109
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• 2016

Candle fires do not occur frequently, but can easily result in death. In this study, the thermal characteristics of candles and conditions and debris of candle fires were investigated to determine the causes of candle fires. The rates of decrease in weight of 10 candles were measured and found to be between 2.6 g/h and 6.7 g/h. Most candle fires are caused by the ignitiong of combustible materials close to them. The temperature near a candle ranges from about $200^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$ at a distance of 1 cm and low ignition temperature materials such as papers can easily catch fire. The melting temperature of candles ranges between $50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ and their major chemical components are fatty acids and normal hydrocarbons (over C20). Using pretreatment conditions involving the use of activated charcoal strips at $150^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours, the fire debris including candle residues were analyzed using a Gas-chromatograph/Mass-spectrometer (GC/MS).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.619-628
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• 1995

Crude aqueous extracts from dried leaves, stems, roots, and flowers from both field grown and greenhouse grown alfalfa plants inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth. The degree of inhibition was greater in the field grown plant extracts. Flowers extract of field grown plant most inhibited alfalfa germination and seedling growth. In the concentration study, the highest concentration of extract (9.0%, w/v) significantly inhibited total alfalfa seed germination by 50% as compared to control. In partitioning study using pot hydroponic culture of plant biomass into leaves, stems, root, LAR products of LWR and SLA exhibited significant variation among four species. This result support that the inhibitory effect of autotoxic substances presenting in alfalfa tissue may be possible interference with the patitioning of biomass into leaf component relative to the total biomass produced by the alfalfa plant. Toxicity of extract was not reduced by adding activated charcoal, Dowex-50W, amberlite to the extract. Toxic substances existing in most plant tissues but mainly above ground foliage are water soluble and stable and may persist in old alfalfa fields. Thus, it is recommended to remove as much as possible of the above growth parts, especially vegetative stage, before one tries to re-establish alfalfa in former field of alfalfa.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.286-290
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• 2001

Ginger was stored in the 0.05mm and 0.08mm of PE film bags and the styrofoam box. During the ginger storage, weight losses in the PE film bags were effectively supressed than in the control bag, and storage was better in the 0.08mm PE film bag while the spoilage of ginger was higher than in 0.05mm bag. The effective storage temperature was 10$^{\circ}C$ at which was no scouting during the storage. And the perforation in the PE film bag helped the healthy ginger ratio. Single perforation of 6an diameter was good for 0.05mm film and three for 0.08mm film. When CO$_2$absorbent was added into the film bag, the spoilage and mold occurence was lowered. In the styrofoam box, the healthy ginger ratio also increased by incorporating the absorbents, but there were no great differences between activated charcoal and calcium hydroxide.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

Mn was extracted by using a nitric acid from the reduced ferromanganese dust and the basic experiments were taken to refine the manganese nitrate solution by means of precipitation of Ca, Mg oxalate. The dust was generated in AOD process producing a medium-low carbon ferromanganese and collected in the bag filter. Manganese oxide content in the dust was about 90% and its phase was confirmed as $Mn_3$$O_4$. $Mn_3$$O_4$ in the dust was reduced to MnO by roasting with activated charcoal. The main impurities in the extracted solution prepared by leaching the reduced dust with nitric acid were Na, K, Fe, Si, Ca, Mg etc. Among them, Fe was removed by controlling pH of the solution more than 4 and precipitating $Fe(OH)_3$, simultaneously silicious material solved in the solution was removed by co-precipitation with the ferric hydroxide. Addition of 150 g reduced dust into 4N HNO3 solution 1$\ell$ was appropriate to control the pH of the solution to pH 4. To differ greatly the solubilities of manganese oxalate and calcium or magnesium oxalate in a solution containing a high concentration of Mn, pH of 4 or less and addition of ($NH_4$)$_2$$C_2$$O_4$ in equivalent with Ca and Mg are recommended. At this time, the higher temperature was the shorter the precipitation reaction time was needed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the optimal medium composition and growth regulators for the micropropagation of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. Nodes containing yellow green petals were used as plant materials to execute the study. The best performance of adventitious root development was found in 1/4 strength of MS basal salt and the growth was satisfactory in the concentration of 1/2 MS medium. The best condition for adventitious root development and growth was observed in the higher concentration (5%) of sucrose and activated charcoal free 1/4MS medium respectively. Adventitious roots were developed at the controlled culture medium at pH 4.8 with a tendency of suppression with higher levels of pH. However, it was prevailed that the development and growth depended on the concentration of agar. The lower concentration of agar (0.4%) was performed better than that of higher concentration (1.2%), whereas the agar concentration (0.4%) showed the best performance for the development and growth of adventitious roots. For the development of shoots containing node, BA combined with IAA was more effective than kinetin with IAA or NAA. The highest shoot development (3.9 shoots per explant) was performed on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1993

For the clonal proliferation of Gentiana scabra Bunge. which is one of the medicinaland ornamental plant, establishment multiplication of shoot through tissue culture technique and transplantation into soil were carried out. The shoot proliferation increased on the MS medium containing 0.5mg/l NAA and 0.5mg/l BAP. Optimum pH for shoot growth was pH 5.9, consequently MS medium supplemented with 2g/l activated charcoal was most effective for plant growth. There are two types of somaclonal variants, tall type was 63% and dwarf type was 37%.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

For safe and easy disposal of prochloraz wastewaters after used as rice seed disinfectant in Korean farms, this experiment was carried out. By addition of several agricultural materials commonly utilizing in farmers, removal effect of prochloraz from waste solution was also investigated. When rice seeds after soaking in diluted prochloraz solution were rinsed with water several times, prochloraz was removed $9.2\sim10.6%$ at the first rinse and less than 3 % at the fourth rinse. A half life of prochloraz was $4\sim5$ days in aqueous system. Hydrolysis of prochloraz was more rapidly in alkali solution than neutral and acidic one at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. By the irradiation under $5530J/cm^2$ using xenone lamp, prochloraz was photo-degraded to 87.7% in aqueous system. The removal efficiency of prochloraz by addition of several agricultural materials were as follows: 93.6% by lime, 90.7% by composed pig manure, 89.4% by activated charcoal, 78.0% by straw ash, 70.3% by sandy loam soil, 47.0% by zeolite and 24.1 % by rice straw. When prochloraz solution was sprayed on the field soil, it was dissipated upto 90% within 35 days.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to micropropagate bulblets via shoot cluster formation and massproduce normal bulblets from the sections of proliferated shoot clusters in Lilium asiatic hybrid 'Hae Hwa'. The induction of shoot clusters from the culture of bulblet sections was more effective than that of bulb scales on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA. Proliferation of shoot clusters from the formed shoot cluster sections was the most favorable on medium containing 5.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA. The formation and the growth of bulblets from shoot cluster sections were achieved effectively on medium with 60∼90 g/L sucrose. The leaves derived from shoot clusters grew vigorously but the bulblets from shoot clusters grew very poor in 5L air-lift bioreactor culture. By the addition of 30 mL fresh liquid medium containing doulble strength MS salts, 250 g/L sucrose and 5 g/L activated charcoal after 8 weeks in the shoot cluster culture on MS medium with 5.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA, the number of bulblets was increased in light condition, but the growth of bulblets was not affected by light. Bulblet production was possible with the bulblet product at 53 to 68 mg in fresh weight by liquid medium addition after the proliferation of shoot cluster.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 1998

Anthers contanining uninucleate microspores of eight cultivars of pepper were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.004mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1mg/L kinetin, 3% sucrose and 0.2% Gelrite, kept at $35^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, and then cultured at $25^{\circ}C$ with a photoperiod of 16 h daylight for 40 days. Frequency of embryoid and callus formation was varied with cultivars. Embryoid formation was found in Cheongyang and Fushimi Amanaga, while callus formation was in California Wonder, Fushimi Amanaga and Geoseong. In anther culture medium supplemented with 1% activated charcoal, embryoid formation was found with 0.5% of frequency only in Cheongyang, while no callus formation was found. In 1/2MS medium, frequency of embryoid formation in Shishitou, Yatsufusa and Taka no Tsume was 1.2%, 0.4% and 0.4%, respectively. On the other hand, in 1/2 B5 medium, frequency of callus formation in Yatsufusa and Taka no Tsume was 2.8% and 2.7%, respectively. Embryoids transferred to hormone-free MS medium were developed to plantlets and acclimatized. The number of chromosomes in the root tip cells of the haploid plant was 2n=$\times$=12 in cv. Cheongyang.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2019

Cypripediums, popularly called lady's slippers or moccasin flowers, are the showiest and most sought after hardy terrestrial orchids, collected and grown by orchid and alpine plant enthusiasts alike. In Korea, 4 species of cypripedium are reported as Cypripedium japonicum, C. macranthos, C. guttatum, and C. calceolus. We had already reported the feasibilities of C. macranthos and C. guttatum with in vitro germination methods from immature seeds. The seeds of white lady's slipper orchid (Cypripedium macranthos Sw. alba) were collected 65 days after pollination in 2018. The green pods were sterilized with flame and sowed immediately on the POM(Phytomax orchid maintenance media(R), Sigma) supplemented with BAP 0, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L and NAA 0, 1, 2mg/L. The germination of seed was observed 90 days after sowing, and the plantlets were subcultured to the same media according to the size of the protocorm with 1~2, 2~3, 3~4, 5~6, 7~8mm. The time of the subculture to the new media seems to be critical factors of forming rhizoids which is the hairy root of the cypripediums. As a results, the protorms of the white lady's slipper orchid was successfully germinated in the POM media supplemented BAP 0.5 and NAA 1.0 mg/L. The roots and rhizoids were formed in 5~6mm protocorms subculture over 95% survival ratio. We also tried to subculture to liquid medium without activated charcoal, however the browning or malformation of the roots was observed in the root. The formation of shoots from the protocorm was effectively enhanced in the POM media with non-additives of plant growth regulators. These results indicate the possibility of high and stable production and practical industrialization of endangered white lady's slipper orchids.