• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2021

Dynamic changes in adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) with nutritional status play a role in the regulation of metabolic and endocrine functions. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system via β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) contributes to the control of postprandial enhancement of ATBF. Herein, we sought to identify the role of each β-AR subtype in the regulation of ATBF in mice. We monitored the changes in visceral epididymal ATBF (VAT BF), induced by local infusion of dobutamine, salbutamol, and CL316,243 (a selective β1-, β2-, and β3-AR agonist, respectively) into VAT of lean CD-1 mice and global adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout (KO) mice, using laser Doppler flowmetry. Administration of CL316,243, known to promote lipolysis in adipocytes, significantly increased VAT BF of CD-1 mice to a greater extent compared to that of the vehicle, whereas administration of dobutamine or salbutamol did not produce significant differences in VAT BF. The increase in VAT BF induced by β3-AR stimulation disappeared in ATGL KO mice as opposed to their wild-type (WT) littermates, implying a role of ATGL-mediated lipolysis in the regulation of VAT BF. Different vascular reactivities occurred despite no significant differences in vessel density and adiposity between the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of the angiogenesis-related genes were significantly higher in VAT of ATGL KO mice than in that of WT, implicating an association of ATBF responsiveness with angiogenic activity in VAT. Our findings suggest a potential role of β3-AR signaling in the regulation of VAT BF via ATGL-mediated lipolysis in mice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.303-314
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• 2013

Knowledge regarding lipid catabolism has been of great interest in the field of animal sciences. In the livestock industry, excess fat accretion in meat is costly to the producer and undesirable to the consumer. However, intramuscular fat (marbling) is desirable to enhance carcass and product quality. The manipulation of lipid content to meet the goals of animal production requires an understanding of the detailed mechanisms of lipid catabolism to help meticulously design nutritional, pharmacological, and physiological approaches to regulate fat accretion. The concept of a basic system of lipases and their co-regulators has been identified. The major lipases cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in lipid droplets in a sequential manner. In adipose tissue, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) performs the first and rate-limiting step of TAG breakdown through hydrolysis at the sn-1 position of TAG to release a non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Subsequently, cleavage of DAG occurs via the rate-limiting enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) for DAG catabolism, which is followed by monoglyceride lipase (MGL) for monoacylglycerol (MAG) hydrolysis. Recent identification of the co-activator (Comparative Gene Identification-58) and inhibitor [G(0)/G(1) Switch Gene 2] of ATGL have helped elucidate this important initial step of TAG breakdown, while also generating more questions. Additionally, the roles of these lipolysis-related enzymes in muscle, liver and skin tissue have also been found to be of great importance for the investigation of systemic lipolytic regulation.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.46-46
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• 2023

It has been reported that Rosa acicularis has anti-obesity activity by inhibiting the digestive lipase activity. However, there is a lack of clear in vitro studies regarding the anti-obesity activity of Rosa acicularis. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the anti-obesity activity of Rosa acicularis leaves (RAL) and elucidate its mechanism of action in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. RAL dose-dependently inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol. RAL had no effect on cell proliferation and survival in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells, but it inhibited cell proliferation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. RAL increased ATGL, p-HSL, and HSL, and decreased perilipin-1 in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, RAL reduced lipid droplet accumulation and increased free glycerol content in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. RAL increased ATGL and HSL in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Also, RAL increased p-AMPK, PPARγ, UCP-1, and PGC-1α in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. AMPK inhibition by Compound C attenuated RAL-mediated increase of ATGL, HSL, PPARγ, and UCP-1 in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, it is thought that RAL may inhibit lipid accumulation through lipolysis and thermogenesis via the activation of AMPK in adipocytes.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.372-379
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• 2022

본 연구는 추출용매에 따른 레몬밤 추출물의 중성지방 조절에 대한 논문으로 3T3-L1 지방전구세포를 이용해 지방세포로 분화유도한 뒤 lipid accumulation, triglyceride contents, PKA, HSL, perilipin, ATGL 및 CGI-58 단백질 발현을 확인하였다. 실험결과 네가지 조건의 레몬밤 추출물 중 물 추출 조건인 MOW100 추출물만 lipid accumulation과 triglyceride contents의 유의적 억제 효능을 나타내었으며, MOE70, MOE50, MOE50 추출물은 lipid accumulation과 triglyceride contents의 감소 효과가 없거나 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않는 것이 확인되었다. MOW100 추출물의 세포내 지방 축적 억제는 지방세포 내 lipolysis를 조절하는 효소 조절을 통해 나타난 결과로 판단된다. 따라서 레몬밤 물 추출물은 cAMP-PKA를 활성화시키고, lipolysis를 조절하는 효소의 상승작용을 통해 세포내 중성지방을 조절함으로써 혈중 중성지방을 개선하는 후보소재로의 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1500-1504
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• 2009

Effects of methanol extract from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (CME) on underlying mechanisms of lipolysis were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compared to the control, lipid accumulation with 72 hr treatment of CME at the concentration $20\;{\mu}g/mL$ was significantly decreased by 19.9% as quantified by Oil red O dye. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) content was also lowered by 19.3%. To determine the mechanism for TG content reduction, glycerol release level was measured. Incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 15 and $20\;{\mu}g/mL$ of CME significantly elevated the level of free glycerol released into the cultured medium by 20.4 and 28.6%, respectively. In subsequent measurements using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mRNA levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) were significantly increased by 21.2 and 24.9%, respectively, at the concentration $20\;{\mu}g/mL$. Results indicated that CME stimulated lipolysis through induction of HSL and ATGL mRNA expressions, resulting in increased glycerol release.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Consumption of pine nut oil (PNO) was shown to reduce weight gain and attenuate hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of PNO on both intestinal and hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed control or HFD. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed control diets containing 10% energy fat from either Soybean Oil (SBO) or PNO, or HFD containing 15% energy fat from lard and 30% energy fat from SBO or PNO for 12 weeks. Expression of genes related to intestinal fatty acid (FA) uptake and channeling (Cd36, Fatp4, Acsl5, Acbp), intestinal chylomicron synthesis (Mtp, ApoB48, ApoA4), hepatic lipid uptake and channeling (Lrp1, Fatp5, Acsl1, Acbp), hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis and FA oxidation (Atgl, Cpt1a, Acadl, Ehhadh, Acaa1), as well as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly (ApoB100) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: In intestine, significantly lower Cd36 mRNA expression (P<0.05) and a tendency of lower ApoA4 mRNA levels (P = 0.07) was observed in PNO-fed mice, indicating that PNO consumption may decrease intestinal FA uptake and chylomicron assembly. PNO consumption tended to result in higher hepatic mRNA levels of Atgl (P = 0.08) and Cpt1a (P = 0.05). Significantly higher hepatic mRNA levels of Acadl and ApoB100 were detected in mice fed PNO diet (P<0.05). These results suggest that PNO could increase hepatic TAG metabolism; mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and VLDL assembly. CONCLUSIONS: PNO replacement in the diet might function in prevention of excessive lipid uptake by intestine and improve hepatic lipid metabolism in both control diet and HFD fed mice.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2017

Objectives: In this study, the lipolytic effects of Eriobotrya folium extract (EFE) on local fat was investigated in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: C57BL/6J mice (5 weeks) were fed HFD for 6 weeks to induce obesity. EFE (20 mg/ml, $100{\mu}l$) or saline ($100{\mu}l$) as a normal control was injected into left inguinal fat pad region, 3 times per a week for last 2 weeks. After sacrifice, body weight, and histological changes of the inguinal fat pad were evaluated. The expressions of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in inguinal fat pad were analyzed by Western blotting. Also, lipid accumulation and lipases release were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by oil red o staining. Results: EFE significantly reduced the weight of inguinal fat pad and the size of adipocytes in HFD-induced obesity mice compared to control. The treatment of EFE up-regulated the expressions of HSL and ATGL in inguinal fat pads of obesity mice, as well as 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, EFE inhibited the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: EFE showed lipolytic effect on local fat of HFD-induced obesity mice by up-regulation of the lipases secretion. This suggests that EFE could be considered as anti-obese substance with lipolytic property on local fat.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.380-384
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• 2022

본 연구에서 PTS는 지방전구세포에서 PPARγ, C/EBPα 및 FABP4의 발현 억제를 통해 지방전구세포의 adipogenesis를 억제하고, AMPK 및 HSL의 활성화, ATGL의 발현증가, 그리고 perilipin-1의 발현감소를 통해 지방세포의 지질을 분해하여 지방세포 내 과도한 지질형성을 억제하는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과들은 PTS는 비만 예방 및 치료를 위핸잠재적 식의약 소재로의 개발 및 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.813-819
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• 2010

분화된 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 수세미오이의 메탄올 추출물이 지방의 축적 및 분해에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 수세미오이의 메탄올 추출물 안전범위(0~1000 ${\mu}g$/mL)에서 지방대사 관련한 여러 과정을 확인한 결과 $600\;{\mu}g$/mL 이상의 농도에서 세포 내 지방축적이 억제되었고 특히 지방구내의 triglyceride 함량이 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과에 대한 기전을 위해 포도당의 유입 억제로 인한 세포내 triglyceride의 합성감소와 지방분해효소의 활성화로 인한 세포 내 triglyceride의 분해 증가의 두 가지로 확인하였다. 우선적으로 수세미오이의 메탄올 추출물의 포도당 유입 억제 효과를 실험하였지만 아무런 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 지방분해효소 중 LPL을 제외한 HSL과 ATGL의 유전자 발현이 증가됨에 따라 세포 내 triglyceride이 지방산과 glycerol로 분해되었을 것으로 생각되며 이러한 결과는 세포외로 유리된 glycerol의 함량이 수세미오이의 메탄올 추출물 $1000\;{\mu}g$/mL의 농도에서 증가한 것을 통해 재확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 $600\;{\mu}g$/mL의 농도에서 triglyceride 분해는 촉진되었으나 glycerol의 유리가 유의적으로 나타나지 않은 것은 세포 내에서 분해된 glycerol의 일부가 세포 내 생합성에 재사용되었을 것으로 생각되며 실제 세포 외로 유리된 양을 확인하기 위해서는 보다 높은 농도가 필요한 것으로 여겨진다. 전반적으로 본 실험에서는 수세미오이의 메탄올 추출물이 분화된 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 지방구의 생성을 억제하였으나 효과 농도가 다른 많은 천연물에 비해 다소 높게 나타남으로써 제약으로서의 생산으로는 제한점이 있을 것으로 생각되는 반면 식품으로서 꾸준히 사용될 경우 항비만 소재로서의 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.389-393
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 시네트롤(Sinetrol-XPur)을 유전성 비만 마우스에 7주간 식이 투여하여 체중 및 지방 조직의 무게 변화와 지방 조직 내 지방분해 관련 유전자 발현량 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 시네트롤을 섭취한 유전성 비만 마우스군(Sinetrol low와 Sinetrol high)에서 식이섭취량은 유전성 비만 대조군(Obese)에 비해 차이가 없었으나 체중 증가량 및 지방 조직들의 무게는 유의적으로 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 실험동물군의 지방 조직에서 지방분해 관련 유전자들의 발현을 측정한 결과, phosphodiesterase 3B의 발현은 Obese에 비해 Sinetrol에서 감소하였고, A kinase anchor protein 1, adipose triglyceride lipase, perilipin 유전자의 발현은 Obese에 비해 Sinetrol에서 유의적으로 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 시네트롤이 지방분해 관련 유전자 발현을 증가시켜 체내 지방의 축적이나 합성을 감소시킴으로써 체중의 증가를 예방할 수 있는 천연 기능성 식품으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.