• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1535-1542
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological activities of collagens with different molecular weights from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin as well as their efficacies as functional materials. The molecular weights of collagens were between 1~10 kDa (below 1 kDa (AP1), 1~3 kDa (AP2), 3~10 kDa (AP3), and above 10 kDa (AP4). The protein content of AP4 (40.19 g/100 g) was the highest. Collagen contents of AP1, AP2, AP3, and AP4 were 36.43, 32.23, 19.23, and 14.89%, respectively. The free amino acid and essential amino acid contents of AP1 were higher than those of AP2, AP3, and AP4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of collagens with different molecular weights showed wavenumbers representing the regions of amide I, amide II, amide III, and amide A, respectively. The electron-donating ability (29.51%) and SOD-like activity (38.45%) of AP1 were higher than those of AP2, AP3, and AP4. Tyrosinase inhibition activity of AP1 improved with higher treatment concentration. The rate of inhibition of MMP-1 production in HS68 cells exposed to UVB was suppressed by treatment with AP1 (29.78%) and AP2 (26.49%) at 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between DPPH, superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase activity, and MMP-1 inhibition rate of collagens with different molecular weights.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.502-510
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• 1998

The hot-water extract of fruiting bodies in Fomitella fraxinea had potent anti-complementary activities. After fractionation of water-soluble polysaccharides by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, major anti-complementary activity was concentrated into the FF-AP1 among three polysaccharides (FF-NP, FF-AP1, FF-AP2). FF-AP1 was fractionated into $FF-AP1{\alpha}$ and $FF-AP1{\beta}$ obtained from the adsorbed fraction and unadsorbed fraction by affinity chromatography using a ConA-sepharose 4B column, respectively. $FF-AP1{\beta}$, which exihibited the highest anti-complementary activities had an IR absorption peak of $890cm^{-1}$, and a M.W. of about 15,000 (gel filtration). Anti-complementary activity of FF-AP1 decreased greatly by pronase treatment and periodate oxidation. $FF-AP1{\beta}$ responsible for potent anti-complemenary activities of Fomitella fraxinea was an acidic protein-containing heteroglycan consisted of 48% glucose, 13% mannose, and 12% galactose as major component sugars, 9.6% protein, 6% uronic acids.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

Fucoidan which is sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed has a wide variety of internal biological activities. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of fucoidan on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to investigate whether this effect is involved in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the activation of activator portein-1 (AP-1). The levels of NO production and AP-1 activity in the culture supernatants from porcine PBMCs were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the levels of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction. Fucoidan in LPS-naïve PBMCs has no effects on the production of NO and activity of AP-1. Expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA in LPS-naïve PBMCs were also not affected by treatment of fucoidan. However, NO production, AP-1 activity and expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA were dramatically increased in PBMCs stimulated with LPS. Enhancing effects of NO production and AP-1 activity in PBMCs induced by LPS were reduced by addition of fucoidan. Fucoidan also inhibited an increase in expressions of iNOS and AP-1 mRNA in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. These results suggested that fucoidan exerts anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating production of NO via suppressing expression of iNOS and activity of AP-1 in LPS-stimulated porcine PBMCs.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

Eight bivoltine inbred lines of silkworm Bombyx mori L. viz., AP8, AP10, AP17 and AP18 with marked female and plain male larvae and AP1, AP54, AP71 and AP72 with all plain larvae synthesized from Chinese commercial hybrids were evaluated for their general combining ability (gca), specific combining ability (sca) and reciprocal effects for eight quantitative traits. The line AP18 was found to be best general combiner by virtue of significant positive and positive gca effects for seven out of eight traits studied followed by the lines AP10, AP8 and AP17. Seven hybrids recorded significant positive and positive sca effects for all the traits under study reflecting the interaction of alleles, additive and non additive gene action and dominant effects expressed by genes. Among the 28 reciprocal hybrids, AP54$\times$AP18 and AP1$\times$AP17 revealed significant reciprocal effects for the six traits followed by AP54$\times$AP8 for five and AP10$\times$AP71 for four traits.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2014

Under only authorized AP is allowable environment, rogue AP which is generated by a smartphone tethering can be a serious security breach. To solve rogue AP problem, this paper proposes classifying algorithm of Kernel Support Vector Machine using features of RTT data. Through our experiment, we can detect rogue AP from LTE mobile network.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2019

A chicken clathrin-associated adaptor protein $3-{\delta}$ subunit 2 (AP3S2) is a subunit of AP3, which is involved in cargo protein trafficking to target membrane with clathrin-coated vesicles. AP3S2 may play a role in virus entry into host cells through clathrin-dependent endocytosis. AP3S2 is also known to participate in metabolic disease developments of progressions, such as liver fibrosis with hepatitis C virus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chicken AP3S2 (chAP3S2) gene was originally identified as one of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in chicken kidney which was fed with different calcium doses. This study aims to characterize the molecular characteristics, gene expression patterns, and transcriptional regulation of chAP3S2 in response to the stimulation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to understand the involvement of chAP3S2 in metabolic disease in chicken. As a result, the structure prediction of chAP3S2 gene revealed that the gene is highly conserved among AP3S2 orthologs from other species. Evolutionarily, it was suggested that chAP3S2 is relatively closely related to zebrafish, and fairly far from mammal AP3S2. The transcriptional profile revealed that chAP3S2 gene was highly expressed in chicken lung and spleen tissues, and under the stimulation of poly (I:C), the chAP3S2 expression was down-regulated in DF-1 cells (P<0.05). However, the presence of the transcriptional inhibitors, BAY 11-7085 (Bay) as an inhibitor for nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ($NF{\kappa}B$) or Tanshinone IIA (Tan-II) as an inhibitor for activated protein 1 (AP-1), did not affect the expressional level of chAP3S2, suggesting that these transcription factors might be dispensable for TLR3 mediated repression. These results suggest that chAP3S2 gene may play a significant role against viral infection and be involved in TLR3 signaling pathway. Further study about the transcriptional regulation of chAP3S2 in TLR3 pathways and the mechanism of chAP3S2 upon virus entry shall be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2002

The signal pathways involved in the regulation of AP-1 DNA binding activity in long-term nicotine stimulated bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin (BAMC) cells have not been well characterized. To understand the involvement of second messengers in the regulation of AP-1 DNA binding activity, the present study was designed to define the time-course for inhibition of nicotine-induced responses by cholinergic antagonists, $Ca^{2+}$ and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) II inhibitor using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Nicotine $(10{\mu}M)$ stimulation increased AP-1 DNA binding activity at 24 hr after treatment. Posttreatment with hexamethonium (1 mM) plus atropine $(1{\mu}M)$ (HA), nimodipine $(1{\mu}M),$ or calmidazolium $(1{\mu}M)$ at 0.5, 3, and 6 hr after the nicotine treatment significantly inhibited the AP-1 DNA binding activity increased by long-term nicotine stimulation. However, posttreatment with HA, nimodipine, or calmidazolium at 9 or 12 hr after the nicotine treatment did not affect the nicotine-induced increase of AP-1 DNA binding activity. The pretreatment of BAMC cells with various concentrations of KN-62 inhibited the increase of AP-1 DNA binding activity induced by nicotine in a concentration-dependent manner. KN-62 $(10{\mu}M)$ posttreatment beginning at 0.5, 3, or 6 hr after the nicotine treatment significantly inhibited the increase of AP-1 DNA binding activity. However, KN-62 posttreatment beginning at 9 or 12 hr after the nicotine treatment did not affect the increase of AP-1 DNA binding activity. This study suggested that stimulation (for at least 6 hr) of nicotinic receptors on BAMC cells was necessary for increase of AP-1 DNA binding activity, and activation of $Ca^{2+},$ CaM, and CaMK II up to 6 hr at least seemed to be required for the increase of nicotine-induced AP-1 DNA binding activity.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.89-95
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• 2017

Cancer-inducing PMA stimulates cells to increase the expression of transcription factor c-Jun/c-fos and then increase the activity of AP-1 in the nucleus. The activity of AP-1 has been reported to cause cancer. In this study, We conducted cytotoxicity experiments to assess the safety of natural marker compounds and also observed inhibition of activator protein(AP-1) activity to predict cancer-preventing effects. The results of this experiment indicated that arctigenin, manassantin A, and B can predict the development of cancer prevention agents.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2013

The five anti-complementary polysaccharides (MFKF-NP, MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, and MFKF-AP2${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$) were separated from hot water extracts of fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius by two subsequent column chromatography using DEAE-sepharose FF and Concanavalin A-sepharose 4B. The order of anti-complementary activity was MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ > MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$ > MFKF-AP2${\alpha}$ > MFKF-AP2${\beta}$ > MFKF-NP > Polysaccharide Krestine (PSK). Especially, MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ among those showed the most excellent anti-complementary activity (70% of ITCH50 value at $20{\mu}g/ml$). The monosaccharide composition analysis by gas chromatography indicates that MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ are a kind of homoxylan consisted mainly of xylose above 97%. Molecular weight of MFKF-AP1${\beta}$, major anti-complementary polysaccharide, was estimated to be about 12,000 by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the incubation of the serum with MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ in the presence or absence of $Mg^{++}$ and $Ca^{++}$ ions, its anti-complementary activity was investigated. This result indicated that MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ seems to be activator both on the classical and the alternative pathway of complement activation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2022

Bacillus SW1-1 is a probiotic isolated from shrimp intestines. We investigated the effects of Bacillus SW1-1 coated diets on the growth, feed utilization, innate immunity, hematological parameters and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A commercial diet was used as the control (AP0) and two other diets were prepared by coating 0.25% (AP25) or 0.50% (AP50) probiotic powder which contains 1.0 × 10⁷ CFU/g Bacillus SW1-1. Four replicate groups of olive flounder (153 ± 2 g) were fed one of the diets for 12 weeks. Growth performance and feed utilization of the fish were not significantly affected by the dietary Bacillus SW1-1. After the challenge with E. tarda, AP50 group showed significantly higher survival than AP0 and AP25 groups. Innate immunity and anti-oxidant capacity of the fish were not significantly affected after the feeding trial. However, after the E. tarda challenge, the innate immune parameters (immunoglobulin, lysozyme and anti-protease) were significantly improved in fish fed AP25 and AP50 diets compared to those in fish fed AP0 diet. After the challenge test, significantly lower glucose level was observed in AP50 group compared to AP0 group. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of Bacillus SW1-1 could increase the disease resistance of olive flounder against E. tarda infection. The optimum coating levels of Bacillus SW1-1 needs to be further elucidated.