• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 1982

Acute toxicities of purified ginseng saponin (PGS) in mice, and sbacute toxicities of PGS in rats were investigated. Average lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of PGS in male mice were 270mg/kg (i.v.), 342mg/kg (i.p.), 505mg/kg (i.m.), 950mg/kg (s.c.), and more than 5,000mg/kg (p.o.), respectively. Results of subacute toxicity of PGS was as follows. Body weight was markedly increased by administration of PGS 7.7mg/kg but side effects were shown by administration of 77mg/kg and above dose. Especially administration of PGS 240mg/kg caused a marked decrease of albumin/globulin ratio, and 28% increase of urea nitrogen in serum, as well as 33% increase of liver weight/body weight ratio.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1991

Prodrugs of flurbiprofen, 1,2-ethanediolester(FE) and 1,4-butanediolester(FB) were prepared and their biopharmaceutical studies were performed. The prodrugs showed high stability in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid and pancreatin-saturated solution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the prodrugs were similar to those of their parent drug. However they showed less acute toxicity and gastric irritation and higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1991

Two new prodrugs of lonazolac, lonazolac acetic acid ester and lonazolac argininate, were prepared and examined for physicochemical properties and biopharmaceutical characteristics. The prodrugs were stable in solid state and lonazolac argininate showed higher dissolution rate than lonazolacca in both artificial gastric and intestinal juices. These prodrugs have higher analgegic effect than that of lonazolac-Ca in mice, and increased anti-inflammatory activities in rats. In addition, ulcerogenic effects and acute toxicity of these prodrugs were lower than those of lonaaolac-Ca. Lonazolac acetic acid ester showed larger area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) than that of lonazolac. Therefore, it was suggested that these prodrugs of lonazolac have advantages over lonzolac-Ca for not only enhanced bioavailability but also decreased ulcerogenic and toxic effects.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 1989

Single dose of Hantabax, HFRS-vaccine, was given to both sexes of Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice, subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. Any toxic symptom was not noted in the treated animals. Macroscopic examination on the organs of tested animals showed no abnormal findings. In general toxicological aspects Hantabax was practically nontoxic in rats and mice upto a single dose of 1000 times of human clinical dose equivalent via subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.23-41
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• 2017

Objectives: In this study, we seek to perform a priority selection for test substances for chronic inhalation toxicity studies, including acute and subchronic inhalation toxicity studies, which are to be performed after the construction of a chronic/carcinogenicity inhalation toxicity study facility and enactment of pertinent legislation. Methods: Through this study, qualitative and quantitative priority evaluation of test substances according to acute, subchronic and chronic categories were respectively performed and priorities were suggested by expert group review, redundancy and other methods. Meanwhile, a draft on test substance selection criteria, procedures and methods referring to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) system was proposed. Results: This study selected priorities for candidate substances for chronic inhalation toxicity studies to be conducted from 2016. Conclusions: In the future, by assessing in advance the toxicological effects of chemicals to which workers can be potentially exposed in the workplace via long-term inhalation, expected health disturbances among workers will be reduced and it is anticipated that occupational disease induced by chemicals will be effectively prevented.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1990

Effects of altering hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme activities on the metabolism and acute toxicity of parathio were investigated in adult female rats. In vitro hepatic metabolism of parathion to paraoxon was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment (50 mg/kg/day, ip, for 4 consecutive days) and SKF 525-A (50 mg/kg, ip, 1 hr prior to sacrifice) decreased paraoxon formation indicating that phenobarbital induces that form(s) of cytochrome P-450 catalyzing conversion of parathion to paraoxon. Degradation of paraoxon to p-nitrophenol was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment, but not affected by SKF 525-A suggesting that MFO activities play only a minor role in the detoxification of the active metabolite of this insecticide. The phenobarbital-induced increase in paraoxon formation was partially antagonized by SKF 525-A. Significant activity for both parathion activation and paraoxon degradation was also observed in the lung preparation, however, this extrahepatic parathion and paraoxon metabolizing activity was not induced by phenobarbital or inhibited by SKF 525-A pretreatment. Phenobarbital pretreatment increased paraoxon level in livers of rats when measured 3 hr following parathion injection (2 mg/kg, ip). SKF 525-A did not alter parathion or paraoxon levels in brain, blood and liver. Phenobarbital pretreatment decreased the toxicity of parathion (4mg/kg, ip) or paraoxon (1.5 mg/kg, ip) as determined by decreases in lethality and inhibition of brain and lung acetylcholinesterases. An additional SKF 525-A treatment failed to decrease the protective effects of phenobarbital against parathion or paraoxon toxicity. These results suggest that some unknown factors other than hepatic MFO induction are involved in the protective action of phenobarbital against parathion and paraoxon toxicity.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.277-284
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• 2006

The genetic toxicity of environmental pollutants, namely, nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and chloropyriphos (CP) was investigated in aquatic sentinel species, freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna, and larva of aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans, using Comet assay. Physiological effect of such pollutants was also investigated by studying the specimens' rates of reproduction, growth and survival. Acute toxicity results showed that, as expected, Daphnia was more sensitive than Chironomus to chemical exposure. The order of acute toxicity was CP > NP > BPA in D. magna and NP > CP > BPA in C. tentans. BPA may exert a genotoxic effect on D. magna and C. tentans, given that DNA strand breaks increased in both species exposed to this compound, whereas NP- and CP-induced DNA damage occurred only in C. tentans. In vivo genotoxic data obtained in aquatic sentinel species could provide valuable information for freshwater quality monitoring. The experiments with NP-exposed D. magna showed that the pollutant has long-term effects on reproduction, whereas no short-term effect on DNA integrity was found, being an example of a false-negative result from the biomarkers perspective. This result could be interpreted that other mechanism than genetic alteration might be involved in NP-induced reproduction failure in D. magna. False-positive results from the genotoxic biomarker obtained in BPA-exposed D. magna and in NP-exposed C. tentans make it difficult to use DNA integrity as an early warning biomarker. However, as the mere presence of genotoxic compounds, which are potentially carcinogenic, is of high concern to human and ecosystem health, it could also be important to rapidly and effectively detect genotoxic compounds in the aquatic system in ways that do not necessarily accompany a higher level of alteration. Considering the potential of D. magna and C. tentans as bioindicator species, and the importance of genotoxic biomarkers in ecotoxicity monitoring, DNA damage in these species could provide useful information for environmental risk assessment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.181-191
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• 2007

With the 2-Butanethiol, which is an unidentified inhalation toxic material, acute inhalation toxicity was tested with SD rats. The $LC_{50}$ was evaluated to be 2,500 ppm (9.22 mg/L) or higher which falls under the criteria of acute toxicity Category 3 (500<$LC_{50}$<2,500 ppm) in the Industrial Safety and Health Act. In the subchronical inhalation toxicity test by 0, 25, 100, and 400 ppm, 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, for 13 weeks repeated exposure, though no death or particular clinical presentation was observed, in the female 25 and 400 ppm group, including weight change, and in each concentration group including 400 ppm, change of feed rate, eye stimulation, motility change in male group, and lesions in blood and blood biochemical were observed. In the internal organs weight, 25, 100, and 400 ppm groups in male and 400 ppm group in female showed significant (p<0.05) changes in kidney, liver, thymus, and lung. In the pathological tissue test, severe cortical tubular hyaline droplets were observed in the male 400 ppm group, and all male rats of 400 ppm group and 2 female individuals showed tubular degeneration/regeneration accompanied with pigmentation, showing that the target organs of inhalation exposure of 2-Butanethiol are spleen, kidney, nasal cavity, and adrenal. Through the tests, the NOEL of 2-Butanethiol was evaluated to be 25 ppm (0.092 mg/L) or less for both male and female.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticides is exposed in an aquatic environment and effected to benthic animals. Especially, sediment-associated pesticides is required for determination of sediment toxicity on aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of six pesticides (chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil, pendimethalin) on Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil and pendimethalin were used as a model compounds, which have a sediment-associated potential ($K_{oc}$>3). Acute and chronic toxicity tests on Chironomus riparius were performed at six concentrations of each pesticide with four replicates of each based on OECD test guideline 235 and 218. The calculated 48-h $EC_{50}$ values of chlorfluazuron, flutianil, pendimethalin, difenoconazole, dithianon and flufenoxuron were 6.72, 2.55, 2.27, 0.77, 0.30 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. Flufenoxuron was the lowest 48-h $EC_{50}$ value in this study. The No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of flufenoxuron for Chironomus riparius in 28-days test were 30 and $60{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pesticides of the sediment-associated have the potential effect for Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, sediment toxicity assessment of these pesticides should be further investigated to evaluate the impact to benthic organisms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.413-417
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• 2005

Amiodarone is widely used to control fatal arrhythmia. However, amiodarone therapy is associated with a relatively high incidence of pulmonary toxicity, up to 5 to 10%. Typical symptoms are nonspecific and often manifest as nonproductive cough, dyspnea and interstitial infiltrates in patients with acute pneumonitis or chronic fibrosis. However, hemoptysis is a very rare symptom of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. We report a case of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity, who presented with hemoptysis and was successfully treated with the cessation of amiodarone, with review of the relevant literature.