• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1505-1511
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• 2004

Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity is one of the common antihypertensive methods functioned by drugs such as captopril, lisinopril and enalapril to serve as inhibitors of ACE. This study was designed to compare the effects of enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and GLM002, an oriental medicine, on tail systolic pressure, aorta and plasma properties in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after 4 weeks of treatment. During the treatment, blood pressure was depressed to normal in GLM002 and enalapril groups. The treatments of enalapril and GLM002 were discontinued in 4 weeks. One week after the treatment stop, systolic blood pressure was smoothly increased in both groups; the increment of blood pressure was slightly greater in GLM002-SHR, but the increment of plasma ACE activity was proportionately similar in each group. In the aspects of the triglyceride, HDL and total cholesterol level, those levels were slightly different among each group. We also conducted clinical dosage of GLM002 to the patients who have mild and severe hypertension for approximately 7 weeks. Clinical treatments also showed remarkable efficiencies on blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), complete blood count (CBC) routine, differ count (NEUTRO, LYM, MONO, EOS and BASO) and R-chemistry. We conclude that GLM002, like already proven enalapril, plays a role as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and can be suggested as a drug candidate for curing hypertension.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.903-911
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• 2020

Addition of probiotics to yogurt with desired health benefits is gaining increasing attention. To further understand the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on the quality and function of fermented milk, probiotic fermented milk (PFM) made with probiotic L. plantarum K25 and yogurt starter (L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) was compared with the control fermented milk (FM) made with only the yogurt starter. The probiotic strain was shown to survive well with a viable count of 7.1 ± 0.1 log CFU/g in the PFM sample after 21 days of storage at 4℃. The strain was shown to promote formation of volatiles such as acetoin and 2,3-butanediol with milk fragrance, and it did not cause post-acidification during refrigerated storage. Metabolomics analysis by GC-MS datasets coupled with multivariate statistical analysis showed that addition of L. plantarum K25 increased formation of over 20 metabolites detected in fermented milk, among which γ-aminobutyric acid was the most prominent. Together with several other metabolites with relatively high levels in fermented milk such as glyceric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, glycine, alanine, ribose, and 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, they might play important roles in the probiotic function of L. plantarum K25. Further assay of the bioactivity of the PFM sample showed significant (p < 0.05) increase of ACE inhibitory activity from 22.3% at day 1 to 49.3% at day 21 of the refrigerated storage. Therefore, probiotic L. plantarum K25 could be explored for potential application in functional dairy products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.620-628
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• 2012

We examined the effects of biological activity Phellinus linteus mycelium culture with cassiae semen extract. Firstly, the optimal temperature, initial pH and culture period for mycelial growth in a liquid culture of P. linteus were determined, and they were $30^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0 and 8 days respectively. The five herbal materials were examined against several health functional efficacies, and, as a result, Cassiae semen was chosen, with its superior inhibitory effects in ${\beta}$-glucuronidase inhibitory activity, electron donating activity, ACE inhibitory, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities(95.3%, 80.9%, 96.1 and 24.2%, respectively). P. linteus fruit body was investigated on ${\beta}$-glucuronidase inhibitory activity, electron donating activity, ACE inhibitory, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and they were 54.7%, 81.9%, 30.0% and 20.1%, respectively. Accordingly, C. semen was used in the following experiment, to give an additive functional effect on the P. linteus. As the amount of C. semen in the cultural media increased, mycelial weight and ${\beta}$-glucan contents also increased, but final pH was not influenced. In addition, the ${\beta}$-glucuronidase inhibitory activity, electron donating activity, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity increased. P. linteus mycelium culture showed higher activities in the other three tests above, except for electron donating activity, when C. semen was added to the medium before cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 1999

We investigated the biological activities on ethanol extracts of R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa Preparata. The result of anti-mutagenicity suggested that the ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata showed stronger activity than that of R. glutinosa ethanol extract. All of the ethanol extracts showed over 50% growth inhibition of several cancer cell lines. Especially, 61% of the cell growth of Hep3B was inhibited by adding 1g/ l of ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata. In hypoglycemic activities and controlling blood pressure, 63.69% of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and 56.58% of ACE activities were inhibited by adding 1g/ l of ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata. In general, the ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata showed higher biological activities than those of R. glutinosa.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.592-596
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• 2013

To stabilize the basal extraction conditions of Leonuri herbal products, three kinds of Leonurus sibiricus water extracts were prepared with different extraction conditions (boiling extraction (I), high thermal process & boiling extraction (II), and wet grinding & boiling extraction (III)), and their physiological properties were investigated. The extraction yields of the L. sibiricus water extracts were from 13.02 to 15.90%, with no significant difference among them. The polyphenol contents were significantly high in extracts (II) and (III) than in extract (I). The $IC_{50}$ for the electron-donating ability was the smallest in extracts (II), (III) and (I) in ascending order. The ABTS radical scavenging ability was significantly higher in extracts (II) and (III) than in extract (I). Also, the ACE in hibition ability for 5 mg/mL of each extract was high in extracts (II) and (III), but there was no significant difference among the three extracts in terms of their nitrite scavenging abilities. Extraction processes (II) and (III) were shown to be useful for preparing Leonurus sibiricus water extracts with healthful properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 50% ethanol extract of ripe black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, RBR) on hypertension in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and activation of nitric oxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase were significantly regulated by RBR in HUVEC cells. Moreover, the SHR showed significantly higher levels of blood pressure, ACE, renin, endothelin-1, and interleukin-6 than Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). However, treatment with captopril and RBR decreased the levels of these hypertension-related events in the SHR. The renal arteriole showed greater media thickness/lumen diameter (%) in the SHR than in the WKY. However, media thickness/lumen diameter (%) was reduced in SHR by treatment with captopril and RBR. In addition, the number of eosinophilic cardiac muscle cells was decreased in the heart muscles after treatment with captopril and RBR. Therefore, this study suggests that 50% ethanol extract of RBR may be useful for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.296-301
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• 2008

The extracts from Salvia officinalis were studied for antioxidative activities and inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). Total phenolic compounds were found as 22.28, 26.3, 24.63, and 28.22 mg/g in the water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Salvia officinalis extracts were measured as $64.4{\pm}1.5%$ at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ on EDA, inhibition rate on ABTS of $96.9{\pm}0.2%$, antioxidant protection factor of $2.30{\pm}0.16$ PF and TBARS was $0.6{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in the control and $0.28{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in 60% ethanol extracts. Inhibitory activities was the ACE of 75.50% and XOase 100% in 60% ethanol extracts. The 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis exhibited antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori such as 13 mm of clear zone and inhibition rate of 63.4% with $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Rosemarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds as analyzed by HPLC. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1062-1069
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• 2007

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize extraction conditions for finding the maximizing the functional properties of roasted Pleurotus eryngii. Based on the central composite design, independent variables were ethanol concentration ($0{\sim}100%$), extraction time ($1{\sim}9$ min) and microwave power ($25{\sim}125$ W). Soluble solid content, electron donating ability and nitrite-scavenging ability were mainly affected by ethanol concentration, but ACE inhibition activity was largely affected by extraction time. The optimum ranges of extraction conditions resulting from superimposing the response surface were predicted to be ethanol concentration ($25{\sim}50%$), extraction time ($3{\sim}9$ min) and microwave power ($80{\sim}125$ W). Total protein and total phenolic compound content of optimal extracts were 45.80 mg/g and 7.42 mg/g, respectively. In phenolic compounds of roasted Pleurotus eryngii extracts, protocatechuic acid was the highest concentration at 1226.32 ${\mu}g/g$, followed by salicylic acid, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and hesperidin.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of a Hwangki (Astragalus membranaceus) extract on the quality of Chungkukjang fermented by Bacillus subtilis KCCM 12148, at 30, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$, for 4 days. Changes in moisture contents, protein levels, pH values, ammonia-type nitrogen levels, color, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition rates, and fibrinolytic activities, were all determined. For both control and test, the moisture contents decreased gradually with time and the protein levels increased slightly. The pH values fell at the beginning of fermentation and then rose. The content of ammonia-type nitrogen was higher in Hwangki with Chungkukjang than in control, until 24 hr after fermentation commenced. After that time, the content of ammonia-type nitrogen control was higher in the control than in the Hwangki with Chungkukjang sample. Color features, such as lightness, redness, and yellowness, all decreased during fermentation, in both control and test. The highest ACE inhibition rates during fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ were 90.9% in the control (48 hr after fermentation commenced) and 95.3% in Hwangki with Chungkukjang(24 hr). Fibrinolytic activities of Chungkukjang and Hwangki Chungkukjang were 100.7 and 74.4% respectively. The content of 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine in the control was higher than that in Hwangki with Chungkukjang. Sensory evaluationtests showed that the addition of Hwangki significantly improved the overall palatability of Chungkukjang.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1345-1349
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• 1998

The flavor constituents and functionality of small kingfish were studied as affected by two stage enzyme hydrolysis (TSEH). Total free amino acid contents in water extract, autolytic extract and TSEH of small kingfish were 541.3 mg%, 8,245.3 mg% and 6,636.6 mg%, respectively. Major free amino acids in TSEH were hydroxyproline, glutamic acid, proline, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine. As for nucleotides and other bases, IMP, TMAO and total creatinine were principal components in TSEH. And the major inorganic ions in TSEH were Na, K, P, Cl and $PO_{4}$. Also TSEH of small kingfish revealed very higher Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibition effect than those of water and autolytic extract.