• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.477-484
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• 2019

Several types of scavenger receptors, including the Collectin-Placenta 1 (CL-P1) receptorthat is present in mammals, are molecules that are expressed on the surfaces of endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. These molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that can be conjugated to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Among these molecules, the effect of quercetin on CL-P1 activation has been confirmed. Quercetin is known as an antioxidant that stops oxidation because it acts to remove free radicals that are responsible for the oxidation reaction. In this study, fragments from the transcription start site of the mouse CL-P1 gene promoter to the -500th base were cloned using DNA polymerase. These fragments were then introduced into macrophage like RAW264.7 cells and fibroblast-like NIH3T3 cells to study the effect of quercetin on the CL-P1 gene expression. As a result, we found that bases ranging from -250 to -350 in the anterior part where gene expression starts are important for producing CL-P1 protein. Among them, the DNA mutation experiments we performed confirmed that the E2F binding sites are critical for producing the CL-P1 protein? In addition, when quercetin was added to the RAW264.7 culture medium, which was a culture of adherent cells, observedthe phenomenon of the cells falling off from the surface of the culture container.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.569-573
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• 2012

In order to understand the difference in SiC deposition between the $CH_3SiCl_3-H_2$ and $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$ systems, we calculate the phase stability among ${\beta}$-SiC, graphite and silicon. We constructed the phase-diagram of ${\beta}$-SiC over graphite and silicon via computational thermodynamic calculation considering pressure (P), temperature (T) and gas composition (C) as variables. Both P-T-C diagrams showed a very steep phase boundary between the SiC+C and SiC region perpendicular to the H/Si axis, and also showed an SiC+Si region with a H/Si value of up to 6700 in the $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$, and 5000 in the $CH_3SiCl_3-H_2$ system. This difference in phase boundaries is explained by the ratio of Cl to Si, which is 4 for the $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$ system and 3 for the $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$ system. Because the C/Si ratio is fixed at 1 in the $CH_3SiCl_3-H_2$ system while it can be variable in the $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$ system, the functionally graded material is applicable for better mechanical bonding during SiC coating on graphite substrate in the $C_3H_8-SiCl_4-H_2$ system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

The raw food waste of Korea contained markedly high sodium chloride and such high sodium chloride concentration in the soil is a factor limiting plant growth and impairing soil physicochemical properties. This study was carried out to assess the effect of NaCl-containing compost on the growth of lettuce(Lactuca satjva L.) and on the soil chemical properties. For the experiment, six treatments applying 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 9% NaCl-containing composts at the rate of $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were conducted established in a greenhouse. Growth measurements, chemical analysis of lettuce foliage, and soil chemical properties after the harvest were investigated. Lettuce yield in the treatments applied to composts over 3% NaCl was gradually reduced and mortality of lettuce as well as Na concent ration of lettuce foliage progressively increased with successively higher NaCl concentration of composts. With an increase of NaCl concentration of composts, the values of ESP and exchangeable sodium concentration in the surface soil were significantly increased. Especially, ESP of surface soil in the treatment incorporated with 9% NaCl-containing compost after the harvest attained by about 15, suggesting that sodification of surface soil under a greenhouse condition can occur when the compost over 9% NaCl is applied to soil. In conclusion, the application of over 3% NaCl-containing compost at the rates of $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ can cause undesirable influences in plant growth and also the treatments of over 6% NaCl-containing composts can create conspicuous deteriorations in soil chemical properties in the current year.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2008

We investigated the optimum concentration of a $NaClO_2$ solution and the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ for production of high yield and purity of aqueous $ClO_2$ by use of a gaseous chlorine-chlorite $ClO_2$ generator. This system produced lower concentrations of chlorine dioxide and is applicable for direct-use in food processing as a cleaner and sanitizer. The concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ was varied from 0.01-0.1% and 100-1,000 g/hr, respectively. The concentrations of chlorite, chlorate, FAC (free available chlorine), and chlorine dioxide that were produced increased with increasing concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and with the amount of gaseous $Cl_2$. The optimum concentration of $NaClO_2$ solution and amount of gaseous $Cl_2$ were 0.1% and 900 g/hr respectively. $ClO_2$ and FAC produced at these concentrations were 882.0 ppm and 8.0 ppm, with no detection of chlorite and chlorate. The yield and purity of $ClO_2$ were 97.0% and 96.0% respectively. Immersion-cleaning experiments showed that this protocol decreased the level of CFU/g by $10^3$- to $10^4$-fold, with a similar effect on fruit.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.11d
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• pp.863-866
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• 1999

(Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ thin films have attracted groat interest as new dielectric materials of capacitors for ultra-large-scale integrated dynamic random access memories (ULSI-DRAMs) such as 1 Gbit or 4 Gbit. In this study, inductively coupled $BCl_3/Cl_2$/Ar plasmas was used to etch (Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ thin films. RF power/dc bias voltage = 600 W/-250 V and chamber pressure was 10 mTorr. The $Cl_2/(Cl_2+Ar)$ was fixed at 0.2, the (Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ thin films were etched adding $BCl_3$. The highest (Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ etch rate is 480$\AA/min$ at 10 % $BCl_3$ adding to $Cl_2$/Ar. The characteristics of the plasmas were estimated using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The change of Cl, B radical density measured by OES as a function of $BCl_3$ percentage in $Cl_2$/Ar. The highest Cl radical density was shown at the addition of 10% $BCl_3$ to $Cl_2$/Ar. To study on the surface reaction of (Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ thin films was investigated by XPS analysis. Ion enhancement etching is necessary to break Ba-O bond and to remove $BaCl_2$. There is a little chemical reaction between Sr and Cl, but Sr is removed by physical sputtering. There is a chemical reaction between Ti and Cl, and Tic14 is removed with ease. The cross-sectional of (Ba,Sr)$TiO_3$ thin film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the etch slope is about $65\;{\sim}\;70$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 1990

The object of this study was to investigate the characteristics of pectinesterase(PE), polygalacturonase(PG) and Peroxidase(POD) in Kimchi materials. The results were as follows : 1. The specific activities of PEs in Korean cabbage, Korean raddish, garlic and ginger were 200 unit/mg protein, 23.1 unit/mg protein, 0.8 unit/mg protein and 32 unit/mg protein, respectively. The optimum pHs of PEs in all materials were between 7 to 8. The concentrations of NaCl, $CaCl_2$ which showed the highest activities of PEs were $0.2{\sim}0.3M$ NaCl, 50 mM $CaCl_2$ in Korean cabbage and raddish, 0.05 M NaCl, 20 mM $CaCl_2$ in garlic and 0.2 M NaCl, 20 mM $CaCl_2$ in ginger. 2. The specific activities and the optimum pHs of PGs were 1.5 unit/mg protein and pH 4.5 in Korean cabbage, 1.6 unit/mg protein and $pH\;4.5{\sim}5.5M$ in Korean raddish, 0.06 unit/mg protein and $pH\;3.0{\sim}3.5M$ in garlic, and 0.06 unit/mg protein and $CaCl_2$ in ginger. The concentrations of NaCl, $CaCl_2$ which showed the highest activities of PGs were $0.1{\sim}0.2M$ NaCl and $0.15{\sim}0.2mM$ mM $CaCl_2$ in all materials. 3. The specific activities and the optimum pHs of PODs in Korean cabbage, Korean raddish, garlic and ginger were 71.3 unit/mg protein ; pH 6.0. 769 unit/mg protein ; pH 5.5, 1.09 unit/mg protein ; pH 4.5 and 12.7 unit/mg protein ; $pH\;5.0{\sim}5.5M$, respectively. POD activities were not decreased in Korean cabbage, but decreased in Korean raddish by the increase of NaCl, $CaCl_2$ concentrations. In garlic and ginger, POD activities were a little slightly affected by the increase of NaCl, $CaCl_2$ concentrations.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.383-393
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• 2020

The corrosion behavior of Hastelloy C-276 was investigated to identify its applicability for carbon-anode-based oxide reduction (OR), in which Cl₂ and O₂ are simultaneously evolved at the anode. Under a 30 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ + 170 mL·min^-1 Ar flow, the corrosion rate was less than 1 g·m^-2·h^-1 up to 500℃, whereas the rate increased exponentially from 500 to 700℃. The effects of the Cl₂-O₂ composition on the corrosion rate at flow rates of 30 mL·min^-1 Cl₂, 20 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ + 10 mL·min^-1 O₂, and 10 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ + 20 mL·min^-1 O₂ with a constant 170 mL·min^-1 Ar flow rate at 600℃ was analyzed. Based on the data from an 8 h reaction, the fastest corrosion rate was observed for the 20 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ + 10 mL·min^-1 O₂ case, followed by 30 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ and 10 mL·min^-1 Cl₂ + 20 mL·min^-1 O₂. The effects of the chlorine flow rate on the corrosion rate were negligible within the 5-30 mL·min^-1 range. A surface morphology analysis revealed the formation of vertical scratches in specimens that reacted under the Cl₂-O₂ mixed gas condition.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 2009

The coloring agents $Cr_2O_3$ and $CrCl_3$ were manipulated in this study to synthesize ZnO-$Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3$ system pigments by changing their mixing ratio. The addition of varying amounts of mineralizer was also tested to obtain better color development of the pink pigment. In the synthesis of ZnO- $Al(OH)_3-Cr_2O_3-CrCl_3$ pigments, the best composition is $Cr_2O_3$-0.1 mole and $CrCl_3$-0.2 mole when $Cr_2O_3$ is partially substituted with $CrCl_3$ to synthesize them. Among the $ZnAl_{1.6-x}Cr_{0.2+x}O_4$ compositions to which a mineralizer was not added, ZnO-1mole, $Al(OH)_3$-1.7 mole, $Cr_2O_3$-0.075 mole, and $CrCl_3$-0.15 mole showed a desirable pink hue. The measurements of pigments $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$, were $L^*$ 81.81, $a^*$ 16.65 and $b^*$ 0.45, and when the synthesized pigments were applied to a zinc glaze, the measurements were $L^*$ 60.41, $a^*$ 28.39, and $b^*$ 16.97. When adding a mineralizer, a 2 wt% addition resulted in the most favorable pink color. The composition for the most favorable result that included a mineralizer was $Al(OH)_3$-1.8 mole, $Cr_2O_3$-0.05 mole, and $CrCl_3$-0.1 mole, and the calcination temperature was $1250^{\circ}C$. The pigment color analysis showed $L^*$ 82.52, $a^*$17.14 and $b^*$-1.18, and the measurements of $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ in the glaze were $L^*$ 60.97, $a^*$ 28.77 and $b^*$ 13.72.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 2014

Electric conductivities of $LaCl_3$-KCl binary melts have been measured by the Kohlausch bridge method over the range from their liquidus temperatures to about 1280 K. The electric conductivity increased with the content of KCl for all over the composition range of binary melts. The composition dependence of the electric conductivity and molar conductivity for the binary melt showed a non-linear relation from the additivity line, and the deviation showed a maximum value at about 60 mol.% KCl. The deviation implies the existence of complex ion of $LaCl^{4-}$ in the melt. Activation energy for electric conductivity of the binary melts decreased monotonously with increasing content of KCl.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.551-556
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the physicochemical properties of pork emulsion. Pork emulsion was produced containing 0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl. Proximate composition of pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest moisture content (P<0.05). The ash contents of pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl, and protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH levels of uncooked pork emulsion containing 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl were lower than those of other treatments (P<0.05), and the pH level of cooked pork emulsion containing NaCl was lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The CIE $L^*$ value of the uncooked pork emulsion samples containing NaCl was higher than that of the control (P<0.05), whereas CIE $a^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of samples with NaCl were lower than the control (P<0.05). CIE $L^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of cooked pork emulsion decreased with an increase in NaCl level, and CIE $a^*$ value increased with increasing NaCl concentration (P<0.05). Viscosity of the pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl. Texture profile analysis of pork emulsion containing NaCl showed no significant difference in springiness or cohesiveness (P>0.05). Pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). These results suggest that pork emulsion containing 0.9% and 1.2% NaCl can be used as a low-salt meat product.