• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.144-149
• /
• 2004

Changes in functional constituents of grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds prepared by three different heat pretreatments were determined and compared with those of non-treated grape seed. The recovery of grape seed oils was generally increased by roasting, steaming and microwave processes, although the recovery of specific constituents varied among three heat pretreatments. The recovery of MeOH extracts of the seeds increased following the roasting process, whereas that of MeOH extracts decreased gradually with steaming and microwave treatments. Levels of four catechins in grape seeds: (+)-catechin, procyanidin B$_2$, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate, were decreased with increased roasting and steaming time, but were unaffected by microwave treatment. During the three different heat pretreatments, levels and compositions of fatty acid did not change, whereas those of phytosterol compositions decreased greatly. These results suggest that a mild heat pretreatment, controlled for temperature and time, is needed to prevent a considerable loss in the level of valuable functional components in grape seed.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.260-266
• /
• 2002

Bacterial strains were isolated from biofilms formed on glass slides submerged in seawater in Dae-Ho Dike. Eight strains showing fast attaching ability were selected and identified. Their exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing ability and EPS properties were characterized. Based on Microlog System, 4 among the 8 strains were identified as Micrococcus luteus and the rest were Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus megaterium,, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Agrobacterium vitis. A, vitis was reidentified as Sulfitobacter pontiacus based on 16S rDNA sequence data. The amount of water-soluble EPS produced by the 8 strains ranged from 0.114 to 1.329 g$.$l$\^$-1/ and the productivity was negatively correlated with the cell biomass. The molecular weight of the produced EPS ranged from 0.38 to 25.19$\times$10$\^$4/ Da. Glucose and galactose were ubiquitous sugar components. Mannose, ribose, and xylose were also major sugar components. The molecular weight and composition of the EPS showed strain-specific variation.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2011

Vitis vinifera cv. Koshu is a traditional grape cultivar that has been grown for centuries in Japan. The Koshu grape has pink-colored skin and Koshu wines have slight astringency. We demonstrated for the first time the characterization of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, and flavonoids in Koshu grape using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The gross weight of phenolic compounds excluding anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in Koshu grape at harvest was higher than those in Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Merlot grapes. In addition, hydroxycinnamic acid and monomeric flavonol contents in Koshu grape were also higher than those in the other grape cultivars. Transcription analysis of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, caffeate methyltransferase, and flavonol synthase genes indicated high accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols in Koshu grape skin compared with the other cultivars. These findings obtained by chemical and molecular approaches partially explained the phenolic characteristics and the peculiar astringency of Koshu grape.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.223-226
• /
• 2001

The leaf water relations and photosynthetic rate during acute soil drying were compared in potgrown grapevine cultivars, Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and V. vinifera cv. Riesling. Leaf water potential in Riesling decreased significantly from day 2 after water had been withheld, while in Chardonnay leaf water potential for the water-stressed plants was almost identical with that in well watered plants during the first 4 days. Higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate in Chardonnay than Riesling were observed until day 3 after withholding water. Photosynthetic rate in water-stressed Chardonnay was not different from that in control plants until day 3 after withholding water, while that in water-stressed Riesling was reduced markedly from day 2. In Riesling, osmotic potential at turgor loss point was not changed irrespective of watering conditions. However, in Chardonnay osmotic potential at turgor loss point decreased more in the water stressed conditions than in well watered conditions. The osmotic adjustment in Chardonnay under water stress conditions must contribute to the maintenance of higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate than those in Riesling for a significant period of the drying process. Though difference in stomatal conductance between the two cultivars was shown in the process of soil drying, stomatal conductance of both cultivars responded to vapor pressure difference between leaf and ambient air, rather than soil water status and leaf water potential.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 2009

In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique to evaluate the genetic relationships among 29 grapevine cultivars (Vitis spp.). Sixty selective primers detected a total of 558 polymorphic bands. By UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average) cluster analysis with 558 polymorphic bands, the 29 grapevine cultivars were divided into six major groups at 58.8% genetic similarity. The "Super Hamburg" was clustered in group I. Group II consisted of "Wonkyo RA-23", "Muscat Hamburg", "Tano Red", and "Tankeumchu". Group III consisted of "Alden", "Wonkyo RA -21", "Wonkyo RA-30", and "Dutchess". Group IV included 14 grapevine cultivars ("Heukgoosul", "Heukbosuk", "Suok", "Wonkyo RA-29", "Wonkyo RA-22", "Kyoho", "Pione", "Beniizu", "Golden Muscat", "Jinok", "Doonuri", "Campbell Early", "Delaware", and "Schuyler"). Group V consisted of "Hongdan", "Tamnara", "Hongisul", and "Himrod seedless". Group VI included 2 cultivars ("Cheongsoo", and "S. 9110").

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.693-705
• /
• 2020

Grapes (Vitis spp. L.) are the third most produced fruit in the world. Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium vitis forms galls in the stems of the grapevines and reduces the vitality of the fruit trees, resulting in reduced yields. This pathogen has occurred in vineyards worldwide and caused serious economic losses. It is a soil-borne disease, so Agrobacterium vitis can survive for several years in vineyards and is difficult to control. Additionally, since there is no effective chemical control method, the most effective control method is the breeding of resistant varieties. To make the resistant variety, marker-assisted selection (MAS) enables fast breeding with low cost. In this study, we applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS), by combining phenotyping and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), for the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker set related to crown gall disease using 350 grapevine varieties. As a result of the GBS based genotyping analysis, about 58,635 SNPs were obtained. In addition, the phenotypic analysis showed 35.2% resistance, 73% moderate susceptibility and 16.4% highly susceptibility. Moreover, after confirmation, two genes (VvARF4 and VvATL6-like) were shown to be related to crown gall disease based on the results of GWAS analysis, using the phenotypic data, and GBS. High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was performed using the Luna^® Universal Probe with real-time PCR to distinguish the melting peaks of the resistant and susceptible varieties. Our data show that these SNP markers are expected to be helpful in evaluating resistance against grapevine crown gall disease and in breeding.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.509-515
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The root of Vitis amurensis Ruprecht, a sort of wild-growing grape, has been used in oriental medicine for treatment of skin ailments; however, its dermatological activity is not sufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to investigate tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-melanogenic activities of V. amurensis Ruprecht root methanol extract (VARM) in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and to attempt to isolate and identify the active compound issued from VARM. MATERIALS/METHODS: Anti-melanogenic activity of VARM was analyzed in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16F10 cells through evaluation of antioxidative activity as well as inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin contents compared with those of kojic acid and arbutin. After anti-melanogenic analysis of VARM, serial fractionation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thin layer chromatorgraphy (TLC) were applied for identification of active compounds contained in VARM. RESULTS: VARM significantly inhibited oxidative stress and tyrosinase activity and attenuated ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanin production in B16F10 cells. For isolation of active compounds, VARM was fractionated using a series of organic solvents, including dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). Among fractions showing anti-melanogenic activity, the CH2Cl2 fraction induced the most potent attenuation of melanogenesis without cytotoxicity and the major compound in the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction was identified as betulinic acid. Betulinic acid isolated from the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction of VARM significantly attenuated ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanogenesis in a dose dependent manner, which was stronger than that of arbutin used as a positive control. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that VARM inhibits oxidative stress, tyrosinase activity, and ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, due primarily to the active compound, betulinic acid, in the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.470-478
• /
• 2015

This study was investigated the anthocyanin composition of 'Gaeryangmeoru', 'Kyoho', and 'Hongisul' grapes cultivated in Korea using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with an ESI (electrospray ionization) source. 'Gaeryangmeoru' is a dark-blue grape used for winemaking that can reach its coloring in unfavorable weather. The 'Kyoho' and 'Hongisul' varieties are hybrid grapes that feature black and pink skin, respectively. The anthocyanins extracted from the peels of grapes were analyzed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty-five anthocyanins were identified in the 'Gaeryangmeoru' and 'Kyoho' varieties, and 21 were identified in the 'Hongisul' variety. Eight, 14 and five predominant anthocyanins were identified in 'Gaeryangmeoru', 'Kyoho' and 'Hongisul' grape respectively. In all three varieties, mono-glucosides were 2.3-5.9 times more abundant than di-glucoside. Malvidin was the predominant anthocyanidin in 'Gaeryangmeoru' (44.1%) and 'Kyoho' (56.5%), but cyanidin (96.8%) was in 'Hongisul'. The acylated anthocyanins in 'Gaeryangmeoru' (2.0%) were rare, whereas acylated anthocyanins with p-coumaric acid were predominant in 'Kyoho' (40.9%) and 'Hongisul' (70.7%). In particular, cyanidin feruloyl glucoside was found only in the 'Hongisul' cultivar and considered to be useful as a criterion for identification of the variety. As a result, the grape varieties were demonstrated to have variety-specific anthocyanin characteristics, enabling classification based on anthocyanin composition in terms of anthocyanidins, glucosylation and acylation. The taxonomical application of anthocyanin composition confirmed the possibility that 'Gaeryangmeoru' originated from Vitis amurensis or its hybrids, and the 'Hongisul' grape was distinguished from other grapes by cyanidin feruloyl glucoside.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.773-786
• /
• 2016

Grape cultivar "Campbell Early" account for 70% of table grape in Korea and Leaf Spot Disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis is one of a major disease in greenhouse and field grown area during late summer season in both of organic and conventional grape farm. Leaf spot disease can cause lowing of sugar content in fruit and vine growth and very difficult to control especially in organic field. Photosynthesis ability and chemical components are compared between leaf spot disease infected leaves with degree of necrotic area. With increase of disease necrotic area, $CO_2$ differential value, water use efficiency and $CO_2$ assimilation and respiration ratio are decreased proportionally and on the other hand, stomatal conductance value is not affected by disease necrotic area. Chlorophyll contents are also decreased by 50% in heavily infected leaves and imply decrease of chlorophyll contents is a major source of photosynthesis ability decline. With increase of disease necrotic area in leaves, total nitrogen and phosphate contents are decreased and on the other side, total carbon, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents are increased. From this research, we can infer that not only chemical control program is important in control of leaf spot disease but also fertilizing program is significant especially in organic agronomical control of fungal disease in grape cultivar "Campbell Early".

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.193-197
• /
• 2009

Pseudocercospora leaf spot was major disease of grape cultivar 'Campbell Early' in Korea. Leaf spot first appeared in early June and rapidly dispersed to other leaves through rainy season. Disease progress of leaf spot by Pseudocercospora vitis in plastic green house, in the two provinces (Gimje and Gimcheon), were investigated in 2007. Differences of Infected leaves (%) between cultivation systems were observed in field and plastic green house, but there was no difference between provinces. Micro environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity, were correlated with infected leaves by PROC REG procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System). As a result, regression model best described ($R^2=0.95^{**}$) the infected leaves as a function of the interaction of cumulated temperatures; Y (Infected leaves)=-7.0101+0.0496$\times$20Hcum (Cumulated hour above 20 degree)+0.0208$\times$20cum (Cumulated temperature above 20 degree)-0.2781$\times$25Hcum (Cumulated hour above 25 degree). A statistics model was shown that cumulated hour and temperature above specific degree were critical factor for Pseudocercospora leaf spot on the grapevine leaves in plastic green house.