• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.367-374
• /
• 2003

Let N be a Closed n-manifold with residually finite, torsion free $\pi$$_1$(N) and finite H$_1$,(N). Suppose that $\pi$$\_$k/(N)=0 for 1 < k < n-1. We show that N is a codimension-n PL fibrator if and only if N does not cover itself regularly and cyclically up to homotopy type, provided $\pi$$_1$(N) satisfies a certain condition.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.571-577
• /
• 1997

We first show that if $\psi : M_n(B(H)) \to M_n (B(H))$ is a $D_n \otimes F(H)$-bimodule map, then there is a matrix $A \in M_n$ such that $\psi = S_A$. Secondly, we show that for an operator space $\varepsilon, A \in M_n$, the Schur product map $S_A : M_n(\varepsilon) \to M_n(\varepsilon)$ and $\phi_A : M_n(\varepsilon) \to \varepsilon$, defined by $\phi_A([x_{ij}]) = \sum^{n}_{i,j=1}{a_{ij}x_{ij}}$, we have $\Vert S_A \Vert = \Vert S_A \Vert_{cb} = \Vert A \Vert_S, \Vert \phi_A \Vert = \Vert \phi_A \Vert_{cb} = \Vert A \Vert_1$ and obtain some characterizations of A for which $S_A$ is contractive.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.61 no.2
• /
• pp.223-237
• /
• 2021

Let n be a fixed natural number. Menger algebras of rank n can be regarded as a canonical generalization of arbitrary semigroups. This paper is concerned with studying algebraic properties of Menger algebras of rank n by first defining a special class of full n-place functions, the so-called a left translation, which possess necessary and sufficient conditions for an (n + 1)-groupoid to be a Menger algebra of rank n. The isomorphism parts begin with introducing the concept of homomorphisms, and congruences in Menger algebras of rank n. These lead us to establish a quotient structure consisting a nonempty set factored by such congruences together with an operation defined on its equivalence classes. Finally, the fundamental homomorphism theorem and isomorphism theorems for Menger algebras of rank n are given. As a consequence, our results are significant in the study of algebraic theoretical Menger algebras of rank n. Furthermore, we extend the usual notions of ordinary semigroups in a natural way.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 1999

GaN etching was performed using planar inductively coupled $Cl_2$-based plasmas and the effects of main process parameters on the characteristics of the plasmas and their relations to GaN etch rates were studied. Also, the GaN etch mechanism was investigated using a Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) during the etching, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the etched surfaces. The GaN etch rates increased with the increase of chlorine radical density and ion energy, and a vertical etch profile haying the etch rate close to 4000 $\AA$/min could be obtained. The addition of 10% Ar to $Cl_2$ gas increased the GaN etch rate and the addition of Ar (more than 20%) and HBr generally reduced the GaN etch rate. The GaN etch rate appeared to be more affected by the chemical reaction between Cl radicals and GaN compared to the physical sputtering itself under the sufficient ion bombardments to break GaN bonds.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.61-65
• /
• 2024

HVPE (Hydride vapor phase epitaxy) is a method of manufacturing thin films or single crystals using gaseous raw materials. This is a method that applies the principles of chemical vapor deposition to grow a single crystal of a material with low meltability or high melting point, and is one of the methods that can obtain a gallium nitride (GaN) single crystal. Recently, much research has been conducted to grow aluminum nitride (AlN) single crystals using this method, but good results have not yet been obtained. In this study, we attempted to grow AlN single crystals using the HVPE method. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas in the growth process, and the growth results according to changes in the amount of nitrogen (N₂) were examined. Changes in growth crystals as the amount of nitrogen increased were confirmed. The shape of the grown AlN single crystal was observed using an optical microscope, and the rocking curve was measured using double crystal X-ray diffractometry (DCXRD) to confirm the creation of the AlN crystal. The crystallinity of single crystals was also investigated.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.218-224
• /
• 2015

Aspergillus is an important fungal genus used for the fermentation of Asian foods; this genus is referred to as koji mold in Japan and China. A. oryzae, A. sojae, and A. tamari are used in the production of miso and shoyu in Japan, but a comprehensive taxonomic study of Aspergillus isolated from Meju, a fermented soybean starting material for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste in Korea, has not been conducted. In this study, various Aspergillus species were isolated during a study of the mycobiota of Meju, and the aspergilli were identified based on phenotypic characteristics and sequencing of the ${\beta}$-tubulin gene. Most strains of Aspergillus were found to belong to the following sections: Aspergillus (n = 220), Flavi (n = 213), and Nigri (n = 54). The most commonly identified species were A. oryzae (n = 183), A. pseudoglaucus (Eurotium repens) (n = 81), A. chevalieri (E. chevalieri) (n = 62), A. montevidensis (E. amstelodami) (n = 34), A. niger (n = 21), A. tamari (n = 15), A. ruber (E. rubrum) (n = 15), A. proliferans (n = 14), and A. luchuensis (n = 14); 25 species were identified from 533 Aspergillus strains. Aspergillus strains were mainly found during the high temperature fermentation period in the later steps of Meju fermentation.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2007

Due to the strong influence of nitrogen(N) on plant productivity, a vast amount of N fertilizers is used to maximize crop yield. Over-use of N fertilizers leads to severe pollution of the environment, especially the aquatic ecosystem, as well as reducing farmer's income. Growing of N-efficient cultivars is an important prerequisite for integrated nutrient management strategies in both low- and high-input agriculture. Taking maize as a sample crop, this paper reviews the response of plants to low N stress, the physiological processes which may control N-use efficiency in low-N input conditions, and the genetic and molecular biological aspects of N-use efficiency. Since the harvest index(HI) of modern cultivars is quite high, further improvement of these cultivars to adapt to low N soils should aim to increase their capacity to accumulate N at low N levels. To achieve this goal, establishment and maintenance of a large root system during the growth period may be essential. To reduce the cost of N and carbon for root growth, a strong response of lateral root growth to nitrate-rich patches may be desired. Furthermore, a large proportion of N accumulated in roots at early growth stages should be remobilized for grain growth in the late filling stage to increase N-utilization efficiency. Some QTLs and genes related to maize yield as well as root traits have been identified. However, their significance in improving maize NUE at low N inputs in the field need to be elucidated.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 2009

This study was developed the metallic plate for bone fixation in the neurosurgery and general surgery and plates has a finn place in bone operating and treatment. The plates can be realized to bending strength and stiffness for strength estimation. Maximum point of bending curves has a bending point(P) with maximum load which to applied nearly 0.2% offset displacement. The device's sizing has a ${\Phi}13$ and ${\Phi}18$, and algorithm of strength estimation compared a plate(${\Phi}13$, ${\Phi}18$, ${\Phi}13-{\Phi}18$). The bending strength of the curved metallic plate has to evaluate maximum of a 311N, 387N, 410N, 474N. When a displacement preserve with a load, tensile stress through to press a plate is 274N, 324N, 382N, 394N. The algorithm of strength estimation can be used to support estimation of bending strength and stiffness. Their tool bring to settlement in the new basic algorithm for evidence with varied adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.383-389
• /
• 1981

Thianthrene cation radical perchlorate reacts with N-arylsulfonamides such as p-toluenesulfonanilide, benzenesulfonanilide, N-(2-methylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide, and N-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonanilide to give 5-(p-N-p-toluenesulfonamidophenyl)-(1a), 5-(p-N-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)-(1b), 5-(4-N-benzenesulfonamido-3-methylphenyl)-(1c), and 5-(p-N-phenyl-N-p-toluenesulfonamidophenyl thianthrenium perchlorate (1d), respectively. In the meantime, 1d reacts further with thiathrene cation ratical to form diperchlorate(1e). The structure of 1a~1e is very similar to 5-(p-acetamidophenyl) thianthrenium perchlorate which has been obtained from the reaction with acetanilide. However, the discrepancy in the stoichiometry between two reactions indicates that the reaction with sulfonamide appears not to proceed with a single mechanism.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.221-228
• /
• 2013

It is impossible directly to find a prime number p,q of a large semiprime n = pq using Trial Division method. So the most of the factorization algorithms use the indirection method which finds a prime number of p = GCD(a-b, n), q=GCD(a+b, n); get with a congruence of squares of $a^2{\equiv}b^2$ (mod n). It is just known the fact which the area that selects p and q about n=pq is between $10{\cdots}00$ < p < $\sqrt{n}$ and $\sqrt{n}$ < q < $99{\cdots}9$ based on $\sqrt{n}$ in the range, [$10{\cdots}01$, $99{\cdots}9$] of $l(p)=l(q)=l(\sqrt{n})=0.5l(n)$. This paper proposes the method that reduces the range of p using information obtained from n. The proposed method uses the method that sets to $p_{min}=n_{LR}$, $q_{min}=n_{RL}$; divide into $n=n_{LR}+n_{RL}$, $l(n_{LR})=l(n_{RL})=l(\sqrt{n})$. The proposed method is more effective from minimum 17.79% to maxmimum 90.17% than the method that reduces using $\sqrt{n}$ information.